Submarine project 671 rtmk. Naval exercises and events

On May 26, 1968, in the USA, at the Electric Boat shipyard (General Dynamics) in Grotton (Connecticut), the world's first specialized anti-submarine submarine "SSN-597" Tullibi, optimized to combat Soviet missile nuclear submarines.
On November 9, 1960, this nuclear submarine entered service with the US Navy.
In 1962 - 1967 The US fleet was replenished with 14 significantly more advanced and powerful “underwater hunters” of the Thresher type.
These single-hull, single-shaft nuclear submarines with a displacement of 3,750/4,470 tons developed a full underwater speed of about 30 knots and could dive to depths of up to 250 m.

The distinctive features of these nuclear submarines - “killers” (as the anti-submarine submarines were nicknamed by American sailors) were relatively low noise, heavy-duty hydroacoustic equipment and relatively moderate (but quite sufficient for solving anti-submarine tasks) torpedo armament, consisting of 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, located in the middle part of the body at an angle to the longitudinal axis.
If the first generation Soviet torpedo submarines (projects 627, 627A and 654) were created to combat enemy surface ships, then in the second half of the 50s it became obvious that the Soviet Union also needed nuclear submarines with an “anti-submarine bias” capable of combating missile nuclear submarines “potential enemy” in positions where they are likely to use weapons, ensure the deployment of their own SSBNs (countering underwater and surface forces operating on anti-submarine lines), and also protect ships and transports from enemy submarines. Of course, the traditional anti-submarine missions for torpedo submarines were not removed. enemy surface ships (primarily aircraft carriers), actions on communications, mine laying, etc.
Work on studying the appearance of the second generation nuclear-powered ship began in the USSR in the late 50s.

On August 28, 1958, in accordance with a government decree, the design of a unified steam generating plant began for new nuclear submarines.
Around the same time, a competition for designs for second-generation nuclear submarines was announced, in which the country's leading design teams specializing in underwater shipbuilding - SKB-143, TsKB-18 and SKB-112 "Sudoproekt" - took part.

The Leningrad SKB-143 had the greatest technical potential, which, based on its earlier (1956 - 1958) initiative studies carried out under the leadership of A.B. Petrov, prepared technical proposals for torpedo (project 671) and missile (project 639) submarines .
The distinctive features of these projects were the improvement of hydrodynamics, developed with the involvement of specialists from the Moscow branch of TsAGI, a single-shaft layout, the use of alternating three-phase current, as well as an increased diameter of the pressure vessel, which ensured the transverse placement of two new, more compact nuclear reactors unified for second-generation nuclear submarines.
As a result of the competition, SKB-143 received the task of designing a nuclear torpedo submarine of Project 671 (code "Ruff") with a normal displacement of 2000 tons and an operating diving depth of at least 300 m. A distinctive feature of the new ship was to be powerful hydroacoustics (under the conditions of the competition, for the first time specifically the dimensions of the GAS were specified).

If the first generation nuclear submarines used a direct current electrical system (which was logical for diesel-electric submarines, where batteries were the main source of energy when moving underwater), then on the second generation nuclear submarines it was decided to switch to three-phase alternating current.
As on the first generation nuclear-powered ships, on the new nuclear submarine it was decided to use a two-reactor power plant that fully satisfies the reliability requirements.
A compact steam generating plant was created with high specific performance, almost twice as high as the corresponding parameters of previous power plants.
“As an exception,” the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S.G. Gorshov agreed to use one propeller shaft in the Project 671 nuclear submarine, which made it possible to reduce displacement and noise. By switching to a single-shaft design, an improvement in the ship’s propulsion qualities by approximately 30% was achieved, as well as (using more powerful domestic energy) ensured that underwater speeds were significantly higher than those of foreign analogues.

The implementation of a single-shaft design made it possible to place in this compartment the main turbo-gear unit and two autonomous turbogenerators with all associated equipment.
This ensured a reduction in the relative length of the nuclear submarine hull. As a result, with a larger displacement, the total wetted surfaces of the new nuclear submarine and the Project 627 nuclear submarine turned out to be approximately equal. The Admiralty coefficient, which characterizes the efficiency of using the power of a ship's power plant, exceeded the similar indicator of the Project 627 nuclear submarine by approximately 2 times and was actually equal to the coefficient of the US Skipjack class nuclear submarine.

In the design of the durable hull, it was decided to use new AK-29 steel, which made it possible to increase the immersion depth.
According to the initial design studies, it was planned to move the torpedo tubes to the center of the ship, as on the American Thresher-class nuclear submarines, placing them at an angle to the centerline plane of the nuclear submarine. However, it later became clear that with such an arrangement, the speed of the submarine at the time of torpedo firing should not exceed 11 knots (which turned out to be unacceptable for tactical reasons: unlike the US Thresher-class nuclear submarines, the Soviet nuclear submarine was intended to combat not only submarines, but also with large enemy surface ships). In addition, with the “American” layout, torpedo loading operations were seriously complicated, and it became completely impossible to replenish ammunition at sea.

As a result, it was decided to install the torpedo tubes on the Project 671 nuclear submarine in the bow of the ship, above the sonar antenna.
In 1960, the Leningrad Admiralty Plant began preparing the construction of a series of new nuclear-powered torpedo ships. The act of acceptance into the USSR Navy of the lead nuclear submarine of Project 671 - "K-30" (serial number "600") - was signed by the chairman of the government commission, Hero of the Soviet Union G.I. Shchedrin, on November 5, 1967.
Subsequently, 14 more TUPLs of this type were built in Leningrad.

Three nuclear submarines ("K-314", "K-454" and "K-469"), intended for the Pacific Fleet, were completed according to the modified project 671B. The difference was that, in addition to traditional torpedoes, they were equipped with the Vyuga missile-torpedo system, which was put into service on August 4, 1969. The missile-torpedo ensured the destruction of underwater, surface and coastal targets with a nuclear charge at ranges of 10 - 40 km. It was launched from standard 533-mm torpedo tubes from a depth of 50 - 60 m.	Number and name of the nuclear submarine	Nuclear submarine laying date	Submarine launch date
Date of entry into service of the nuclear submarine

"50 years of the USSR"
The double-hull nuclear submarine with a characteristic “limousine” fencing of retractable devices had a durable hull made of high-strength AK-29 steel, the thickness of the sheets of which reached 35 mm. Internal flat bulkheads were designed for a pressure of 10 kgf/sq. cm. The nuclear submarine hull was divided by waterproof bulkheads into 7 compartments:
- 1st - torpedo compartment, battery and residential;
- 2nd - central post, provision and auxiliary mechanisms;
- 3rd - reactor compartment;
- 4th - turbine (it also housed autonomous turbine units);
- 5th - electrical and auxiliary mechanisms (it also contained a sanitary unit);
- 6th - residential and diesel generator;

The structure of the light hull, the bow of the superstructure, and the vertical and horizontal tail were made of low-magnetic steel. The fencing of the retractable wheelhouse devices, as well as the middle and aft parts of the superstructure, were made of aluminum alloy, and the large radome of the hydroacoustic complex antenna and rudders were made of titanium alloys. The Project 671 nuclear submarine (as well as its further modifications) was characterized by careful finishing of the contours of the outer hull. The ballast tanks had a kingston (and not scupper, as on all previous Soviet submarines of post-war projects) design.
The ship received an air conditioning and air purification system, fluorescent lighting, as well as a more convenient (compared to first-generation nuclear-powered ships) layout of cabins and cockpits, and modern sanitary equipment.
The main power plant of the Project 671 nuclear submarine (which had a rated power of 31,000 hp) included two OK-300 steam generating units (a VM-4 type water-cooled reactor with a thermal power of 72 MW and 4 PG-4T steam generators), autonomous for each side. The reactor core was to be recharged with a cycle of 8 years.
Compared to the first generation reactors, the layout of the second generation nuclear power plants was significantly changed. Although it remained a loop, the spatial distribution and volumes of the primary circuit were significantly reduced (i.e., the reactor became more compact and “dense”). The “pipe in pipe” scheme was implemented, and the primary circuit pumps were “hung” onto the steam generators.
The number of large diameter pipelines connecting the main elements of the installation (primary circuit filter, volume compensators, etc.) has been reduced. Almost all primary circuit pipelines (small and large diameter) were placed in uninhabited premises and covered with biological protection. The systems of instrumentation and automation of nuclear power plants have changed significantly. The share of remotely controlled equipment (valves, gate valves, dampers, etc.) has increased.
The steam turbine installation consisted of the main turbo-gear unit GTZA-615 and two autonomous OK-2 turbogenerators (the latter provided the generation of alternating electric current 380 V, 50 Hz and included a turbine and generator with a power of 2000 kW).
As a backup means of propulsion, 2 DC electric motors PG-137 (275 hp each) were used, each of which drove its own two-bladed small-diameter propeller. There were 2 batteries (112 cells each with a capacity of 8000 A/hour), as well as 2 diesel generators (200 kW, 400V, 50 Hz). All other mechanisms and devices had automated and remote control.

When creating the Project 671 nuclear submarine, certain (albeit insufficient) attention was paid to issues of noise reduction. In particular, a hydroacoustic rubber coating of the light hull was used, and the number of scuppers was reduced. As a result, the acoustic signature of Project 671 nuclear submarines decreased by approximately 5 times compared to first-generation nuclear-powered ships.
The Project 671 nuclear submarine was equipped with the Sigma all-latitude navigation complex. There was an MT-70 television system for monitoring general and ice conditions, capable, under favorable conditions, of providing species information at a depth of up to 50 m.
However, the main information means of the nuclear submarine was the MGK-300 Rubin hydroacoustic complex, developed by the Morfizpribor Central Research Institute under the leadership of chief designer N.N. Sviridov and which had a maximum target detection range of about 50 - 60 km. It included a low-frequency nasal hydroacoustic emitter, a high-frequency mine-detecting sonar antenna MG-509 "Radian" in front of the fencing of the retractable wheelhouse devices, an underwater sound communication station, hydroacoustic alarm and a number of other elements. "Rubin" provided all-round visibility, independent automatic tracking and determination of target heading angles, ranging by echolocation, as well as detection of active enemy sonar systems.

After 1976, during modernization, on most Project 671 nuclear submarines, the Rubin SJSC was replaced by a more advanced Rubicon complex with an infrasonic emitter, which has a maximum detection range of more than 200 km. On a number of nuclear submarines, the MG-509 was also replaced by the more advanced MG-519 device.
Retractable devices included a PZNS-10 periscope, an MRP-10 radio identification system antenna with a transponder, an Albatross radar complex, VAN-M or Anis and Iva radio communication antennas, a Zavesa direction finder, as well as an RDP device. There were sockets for a number of removable antennas installed to solve specific problems.
A navigation system was installed on board the submarine, providing heading guidance and dead reckoning.

The submarine's armament consisted of 6 bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, capable of firing at depths of up to 250 m.
The torpedo complex occupied the upper third of the first compartment. The torpedo tubes were located in two horizontal rows. In the center plane of the nuclear submarine, above the first row of tubes, there was a horizontal torpedo-loading hatch. At the bow end in front of the hatch there was a horizontal tray covered with shields, into which a torpedo was lowered by crane and loaded into the nuclear submarine. This design made it possible to radically shorten and simplify the process of loading ammunition, without requiring special physical effort or complex and dangerous operations from the team. Everything was done remotely: torpedoes were pulled into the compartment, moved around it, loaded into devices and lowered onto racks using hydraulic drives.
The torpedo firing control was provided by the Brest-671 control system.
The ammunition load included 18 torpedoes or up to 36 mines (12 of them were in torpedo tubes). Mine laying could be carried out at speeds of up to 6 knots.

CHARACTERISTICS OFAPLPROJECT671

Maximum length (m)
Maximum width (m)
Average draft (m)
Displacement normal (t)
Total displacement (t)
Buoyancy reserve (%)
Surface speed (kt)
Autonomy (days)
Crew (persons)

Compared to the most modern analogue of the United States - the Sturgeon nuclear submarine (the lead ship of this series entered service on March 3, 1967), the Soviet nuclear submarine had a higher underwater speed (29 knots and 33.5 knots, respectively), a slightly greater diving depth and comparable ammunition At the same time, the US nuclear submarine had less noise and more advanced hydroacoustic equipment, which provided it with better search capabilities. There was an opinion among Soviet submariners that “if the American nuclear submarine has a detection range of 100 km, then ours has only 10 km.” This was probably an exaggeration, but the problems of stealth and increasing the detection range of the enemy on the Project 670 nuclear submarine were never fully resolved.

The lead ship of Project 671, K-38, became part of the Northern Fleet. Its first commander was Captain 1st Rank E.D. Chernov. During testing, the new nuclear-powered submarine developed a short-term maximum underwater speed of more than 34.5 knots, becoming (at the moment) the fastest nuclear submarine in the world. Until 1974, the Northern Fleet was replenished with 11 more nuclear submarines of the same type, which were permanently based in Gremikha. In the West, these submarines received the code designation "Victor" (hereinafter "Victor-1").

Elegant, very photogenic Victor-class nuclear submarines had a bright, eventful biography. They could be found in virtually all seas and oceans where the Soviet Navy carried out combat service. At the same time, the nuclear submarines demonstrated fairly high search and combat capabilities. In particular, the “autonomous” trips to the Mediterranean Sea continued for almost 90 days instead of the required 60. There is a known case when the navigator of the K-367 submarine wrote in the log: “We determined the location of the ship by the release of the anchor on the Nimitz aircraft carrier (which moored in the port of Naples). Moreover, the K-367 nuclear submarine was not part of the territorial waters of Italy, but was tracking the US aircraft carrier.
In 1979, during another aggravation of Soviet-American relations, the nuclear submarines K-38 and K-481 carried out combat service in the Persian Gulf, where at that time there were up to 50 US Navy ships. The voyage took place in extremely difficult conditions (the water temperature at the surface reached 40 degrees Celsius). According to the recollections of a participant in the campaign, commander of the nuclear submarine "K-481" A.N. Shportko, in the power compartments of the nuclear submarine the air was heated to 60 - 70 degrees, and in living quarters to 40 - 50 degrees Celsius. The air conditioners worked at full capacity, but the equipment (designed for use primarily in northern latitudes) could not cope: the refrigeration machines began to work normally only at a depth of 60 m, where the temperature of the sea water dropped to 10 - 15 degrees.

The nuclear submarines each had 2 replacement crews located on the Berezina floating base, located in the Gulf of Aden or off the island of Socotra. The campaign lasted 6 months and was overall very successful. According to A.N. Shportko, Soviet nuclear submarines operated in the Persian Gulf very secretly: even if the US Navy detected them for a short time, they could not correctly classify them, much less organize prosecution.
Subsequently, these conclusions were confirmed by intelligence data. At the same time, tracking of US ships was carried out at the range of use of missile and missile-torpedo weapons: if the corresponding order had been received, they would have been sent to the bottom with a probability close to 100%.
In September - October 1971, the nuclear submarines "K-38" and "K-323" made an autonomous under-ice passage to the Arctic.

In January 1974, a unique 107-day transition of two nuclear submarines of projects 670 and 671 began under the command of captains 2nd rank V.D. Khaitarov and V.P. Gontarev from the Northern to the Pacific Fleet. The route passed along the Atlantic (to the Cape of Good Hope), the Indian and Pacific oceans.
After passing the Faroese-Icelandic anti-submarine line, the nuclear submarines moved in a tactical group (one ship was at a depth of 100 m, the other - 150 m). Periodically, they exchanged call signs using the "ZPS", being at a distance from each other of a stable sound-underwater connection. In fact, this was the first experience of such a long-term tracking of a nuclear submarine as part of a tactical group.
On March 10 - 25, the nuclear submarines called at the port of Berbera (Somalia), where their crews received a short rest.
On March 29, while on combat duty, they had brief contact with US surface anti-submarine ships and broke away from them, going to greater depths.

On April 13, after completing combat service in specified areas of the Indian Ocean, the surface submarines, led by the support vessel Bashkiria, headed for the Strait of Malacca.
During the transition, the temperature of the sea water reached 28 degrees. The air conditioning systems were unable to maintain the required microclimate: the relative humidity in the compartments was 90%, and the air temperature rose to 70 degrees Celsius. The detachment of Soviet ships was monitored almost continuously by US P-3 Orion patrol aircraft based on Diego Garcia Atoll.

On April 20, one of the Rubin GAS units caught fire on board the Project 671 nuclear submarine due to high humidity. However, through the efforts of the crew, the fire was quickly extinguished.
On April 25, the ships passed through the strait zone and, breaking away from observation, went into the depths.
On May 6, the nuclear submarine captain 2nd rank V.P. Gontarev entered Avacha Bay. On May 7, the second TAPL joined it.
In January 1976, the K-171 strategic missile submarine, as well as the K-469 submarine, which performed security functions, made another transition from the Northern to the Pacific Fleet. These nuclear submarines sailed across the Atlantic Ocean at a distance of only 18 cables from each other. They passed the Drake Passage at different depths, constantly maintaining contact via the UZPS. After crossing the equator, the nuclear submarines separated and proceeded to Kamchatka (where they arrived in March), each along its own route.

Over the course of 80 days, 21,754 miles were covered, and during the entire journey, the nuclear submarine "K-469" surfaced to periscope depth only once (in the Antarctic region).
The nuclear submarine "K-147", equipped with the latest, unparalleled system for tracking enemy nuclear submarines along the wake, took part in the exercises of the submarine forces of the Northern Fleet on May 29 - July 1, 1985, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank V.V. Nikitin. Aport", during which she carried out 6-day continuous tracking of the US SSBN "Simon Bolivar" (Lafayette class), using acoustic and non-acoustic means.
A very dramatic incident occurred in the K-314 TAPL (commanded by Captain 1st Rank A.M. Evseenko) in March 1984. Carrying out joint monitoring of the US strike group consisting of the aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk and 7 escort ships together with the Vladivostok BPK maneuvering in the Sea of ​​Japan, a Soviet nuclear submarine on March 21, while surfacing to clarify the surface situation, pierced the bottom of the aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk with its stern for almost 40 m. As a result, the US Navy maneuvers were curtailed and the aircraft carrier, losing fuel oil through the hole, crawled away "to the Japanese dock, and the Soviet submarine, having lost its propeller, proceeded in tow to Chazhma Bay, where it also began for repairs.

This event caused a sharply negative resonance in the American press. Journalists specializing in naval topics noted the weakness of the US AUG security, which allowed the nuclear submarines of a potential enemy to surface directly under the keel of aircraft carriers. Time takes its toll.
In 1993 - 1996 The remaining TUPLs of this type also left the fleet's combat personnel.

However, the disposal of the honored ships was delayed. Currently, most of them are in the dumps, waiting for years for their fate.

PROJECT 671RT NUCLEAR TORPEDO SUBMARINES
Despite a certain “anti-submarine” specialization, the cruising nuclear submarines of Project 671 were still multi-purpose ships designed to fight enemy surface ships. At the same time, the most important and difficult targets were US attack aircraft carriers. In 1955, the new generation aircraft carrier Forrestal with a displacement of 78,000 tons became part of the US Air Force. Subsequently, the US Navy quickly replenished ships with similar characteristics, and in 1961 the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, Enterprise (89,600 tons), entered service ). One of the important features of the US aircraft carriers of the post-war generation was an improved anti-torpedo protection system, the creation of which was based on the rich US experience accumulated during the Second World War. In order to sink a post-war aircraft carrier, it required dozens of hits on its side by 533 mm torpedoes or the use of special ammunition (which was not always possible for military-political reasons). And the improvement of anti-submarine weapons of an aircraft carrier formation, in particular the widespread use of anti-submarine warfare helicopters, the introduction of new high-power shipborne hydroacoustic systems towed by variable depth sonar and anti-submarine guided missiles (such as "Asroc", "Ikara", "Malafon"), required an increase in the range of use anti-ship torpedo weapons.
In order to expand the combat capabilities of the Project 671 nuclear submarine in the fight against surface ships (primarily enemy attack aircraft carriers), in November 1961, a joint decision was made by the Navy and the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry to strengthen torpedo armament by equipping nuclear submarines with new heavy-duty long-range torpedoes 65- 73 caliber 650 mm. One or two such torpedoes could completely disable a large warship (aircraft carrier or battleship).
To accommodate new large-sized weapons on board the Project 671 nuclear submarine, a number of changes were required to the design of the nuclear submarine, in particular, increasing the length of the torpedo compartment.

Another important innovation in the weapons system of the modernized nuclear submarine was its equipping with the Vyuga anti-submarine missile system, the development of which had been carried out since 1960 at the Sverdlovsk OKB-9 Uralmashplant under the leadership of chief designers F.F. Petrov and N.G. Kostrulin.
The missile included in this complex was supposed to be fired from the submarine's torpedo tubes from a depth of 50 - 60 m, and emerge from the water, and, flying along a ballistic trajectory, deliver nuclear ammunition to the target area. It was planned to create missiles with a caliber of 533 mm and 650 mm ("Vyuga-53" and "Vyuga-65").
On August 4, 1969, by government decree No. 617b - 209, the Vyuga complex with the 81R missile (533 mm caliber) was adopted by the USSR Navy. It could hit underwater targets at ranges from 10 km to 40 km. It should be noted that the analogue of the "Vyuga" in the USA, the Goodyear Airspace Corporation "UUM-44A" "Subroc" anti-aircraft missile system, began to be developed in 1958 and was adopted by the US Navy only in 1965.
Compared to the Soviet complex, it had a slightly longer maximum firing range (about 50 km), which was due to the greater range of the Raytheon AN-BQQ-2 sonar system compared to the domestic Rubin SJSC.

During the modernization of the project, some technical elements of the nuclear submarine's power plant were also changed.
Due to the need to further reduce the acoustic field, the turbo-gear unit and autonomous turbo generators with service mechanisms were installed on a common frame in a single unit with a two-stage shock-absorbing mount.
Instead of a 200 kW DC diesel generator, the nuclear submarine received a more powerful 400 kW diesel generator. When the steam-producing installation on both sides was forced to cool down at sea, this ensured running under the propeller electric motors or recharging the batteries in the underwater periscope position.
Strengthening the torpedo and missile-torpedo armament, as well as changes in the composition of the power plant, the use of more advanced torpedo firing controls, required an increase in the length of the durable hull by 0.8 m and an increase in its diameter by 0.1 - 0.5 m.
In 1963, the design of a modernized nuclear submarine began (project 671 RT). On July 15, 1967, the technical documentation for the ship was approved.
Compared to the Project 671 nuclear submarine, the Project 671RT nuclear submarine has also slightly changed the location of the pressure hull compartments:
- 1st compartment - torpedo tubes and ammunition, living quarters and provisions;
- 2nd compartment - cabins, wardroom, galley and DUK (a special system that ensures waste is thrown overboard);
- 3rd compartment - central post, provision and auxiliary mechanisms;
- 4th compartment - reactor;
- 5th compartment - GTZA - ATG block, desalination plant and power plant post;
- 6th compartment - compressors, steam ejector refrigeration units, PR-501-2 converters;
- 7th compartment - living quarters, diesel generator;
- 8th compartment - rowing electric motors, rudder drives, galley, chemical station.

Project 671 RT nuclear submarines received a slightly improved SJSC MGK-300T Rubin.
The combat capabilities of the nuclear submarine have increased significantly due to its equipping with the Accord combat information and control system (CIUS). The ship was also equipped with a number of other new or modernized systems, as well as the new Molniya radio communications complex.
In the light hull compartment behind the wheelhouse there was a long-range towed communications antenna of the Paravan system, providing reception of ultra-long waves at a depth of up to 160 m.
The armament consisted of 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber (ammunition capacity of 18 torpedoes) and 2 torpedo tubes of 650 mm caliber (ammunition capacity of 6 torpedoes). Alternative option - up to 46 minutes.

It was decided to build the Project 671 RT nuclear submarine in Gorky, at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, where after the Project 670 series of SSBNs were delivered to the fleet, a “pause” formed.

Maximum length (m)
Maximum width (m)
One of the Gorky-built nuclear submarines, K0387, was the first to use low-noise propellers arranged in a tandem configuration.
In 1971, the construction of the Project 671 RT nuclear submarine also began at the Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad (which was explained by the insufficiently high pace of work in Gorky). The Leningraders made a number of improvements to the nuclear submarine construction technology: instead of the block method, the more advanced aggregate-block method was used. Using a special device, frames with already mounted units weighing up to 350 tons were moved into the section through its end.
CHARACTERISTICS OF APLPROJECT671RT
Average draft (m)
Displacement (t):
Normal
Surface speed (kt)
Autonomy (days)
Crew (persons)
Buoyancy reserve Maximum immersion depth (m)	Number and name of the nuclear submarine	Working depth of immersion (m)		Date of acceptance into the USSR Navy
Plant "Krasnoe Sormovo" G. Gorky
Admiralty Shipyards Leningrad

All these nuclear submarines became part of the Northern Fleet and were based in Gremikha and Bolshaya Lopatka. They carried out very intense combat service. Each nuclear-powered ship completed 6 to 12 autonomous voyages to the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.
The nuclear submarine "K-502" from the 33rd division took part in the group exercises "Aport" in May-June 1985. Of the 5 nuclear submarines of projects 671, 671RT and 671RTM that participated in these exercises, which took place in US SSBN patrol areas, not far from the east coast of the United States, only the K-488 nuclear submarine was briefly detected by US anti-submarine weapons once (however, this happened when the nuclear submarine had already returned to the base after completing the task).
In 1993 - 1995 all Project 671RT nuclear submarines were withdrawn from the fleet and handed over to the Russian Federal Property Agency for dismantling.

PROJECT 671RTM NUCLEAR TORPEDO SUBMARINES

In December 1983, the submarine cruiser K-324 was on combat duty off the Atlantic coast of North America. “Avtonomka” took place in difficult conditions: there were problems with the water supply, the refrigeration unit was out of order, there was sweltering heat in the compartments... The nuclear submarine was tasked with tracking the US frigate McCloy (Bronstein class), testing the latest TASS underwater surveillance system ( Towed Array Surveillance System) with an extended towed low-frequency antenna. The nuclear submarine "K-324" managed to record information about the operating parameters of the system, which is very valuable for domestic "science".
Moreover, during the tracking, some features of the interaction of a US surface ship with its submarines and components of a stationary long-range hydroacoustic detection system were revealed. However, unexpectedly, the frigate McCloy stopped testing and went to base. The nuclear submarine "K-324", left "without work", received an order to change the area of ​​​​operation.
However, she failed to do this - suddenly a strong vibration arose, requiring the main turbine to stop. Having surfaced, the commander of the APO "K-324" discovered that he had received an unexpected "valuable gift from Uncle Sam" - 400 m of the top-secret TASS cable antenna was wound around the submarine's propeller.

Of course, the Soviet nuclear submarine, which surfaced in the area of ​​the US test site, was soon discovered by a potential enemy. By morning, the destroyers Peterson and Nicholson (Spruance class) arrived in the area of ​​the incident and established close guard over the nuclear submarine K-324. Obviously, the commanders of these ships received a very specific order - to prevent the Russians from taking possession of the antenna by any means. The “joint voyage” of the practically disabled Soviet nuclear submarine and destroyers lasted almost 10 days. The Americans behaved more and more “sharply” (9and what else could they do?), trying to pass in close proximity to the stern of the Soviet nuclear submarine and cut off the antenna. Fearing even more decisive actions by the US destroyers (who the hell knows, what if they decide to board!), the commander of the nuclear submarine, Captain 2nd Rank V.A. Terekhin, gave the order to prepare his ship for an explosion. The situation defused only when the Soviet ship Aldan arrived to help the K-324 nuclear submarine. The American command finally realized that it was unlikely that they would be able to return their antenna by peaceful means, and no one wanted to start World War III over a “hose.” As a result, the US destroyers were recalled to the base, and the nuclear submarine "K-324" was towed by the ship "Aldan" to Cuba, where it was repaired, and the ill-fated antenna was delivered to the USSR for detailed study. The main “hero” of the events described was the cruising nuclear submarine of Project 671RTM - the seventh ship of the series, built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
In parallel with the expansion of work on the creation of fundamentally new nuclear submarines of projects 945 and 971, a very successful attempt was made in the USSR to “squeeze” the maximum possible out of the design of nuclear submarines of projects 671 and 671RT.
The basis of the modernized project 671RTM (code "Pike") was the development of a new generation of radio-electronic weapons - a powerful GAK, a navigation complex, a combat information and control system, an automated complex of radio communications, reconnaissance complex equipment, as well as measures to reduce the ship's unmasking fields.
In fact, Project 671RTM, as well as the missile submarine cruiser Project 667BDRM, “smoothly transitioned” from the second to the third generation of nuclear-powered submarines.

The chief designer of the 671RTM project was G.N. Chernyshev (creator of nuclear submarines of projects 671 and 671RT), in 1984 he was replaced by R.A. Shmakov.
One of the most important elements of the armament of the modernized nuclear-powered submarine was to be the Shkval anti-submarine complex, the development of which began in accordance with the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1960. The “ideologists” of the new complex were scientists from the Moscow branch of TsAGI. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky (now State Scientific Research Center TsAGI), in particular Academician G.V. Logvinovich. The direct development of weapons was carried out by NII-24 (now SNPO "Region") under the leadership of chief designer I.L. Merkulov (later he was replaced by V.R. Serov, and the work was completed by E.D. Rakov).

The Shkval complex included an ultra-high-speed underwater missile with a speed of 200 knots (with a range of 11 km). This was achieved by using an engine running on hydro-reacting fuel, as well as by moving the projectile in a gas cavity, minimizing hydrodynamic resistance.
The missile, equipped with a nuclear warhead, was controlled by an inertial system that was not sensitive to interference.

The first launches of an underwater missile were carried out on Lake Issyk-Kul in 1964, and on November 29, 1977, the VA-111 Shkval complex with the M-5 missile was adopted by the USSR Navy.
It should be noted that there are no analogues to this highly effective complex, which has an almost absolute probability of hitting a target within its reach, abroad at the present time.
The placement of new weapons and equipment, as well as the implementation of additional measures to reduce the acoustic signature of the ship, required the insertion of a cylindrical insert into the hull of the nuclear submarine in the area of ​​the second compartment. As a result, the length of the nuclear submarine's pressure hull increased by 4.2 m, the displacement also increased slightly and the maximum speed decreased.
The designers strengthened the wheelhouse fencing and the lightweight hull, which provided the submarine with more reliable ascent in ice.
An additional set of measures was taken to increase the secrecy of nuclear submarines through the introduction of fundamentally new solutions for depreciation (the so-called “disconnection of foundations”) and acoustic decoupling of mechanisms and structures. Enclosures for the ventilation system and vertical scuppers appeared on nuclear submarines, creating less hydrodynamic noise. The ship received a demagnetization device, making it difficult to detect by aircraft magnetometers.
The hydroacoustic complex "Skat" (chief designer B.B. Indin) provided detection and classification of targets, as well as their automatic tracking during noise direction finding in the audio and infrasound frequency range. The complex made it possible to detect targets through echo direction finding with measuring the distance to them and provided initial data for target designation to torpedo weapons.

In terms of its capabilities, the Skat complex was three times superior to the SAC of the previous generation and came very close to the US complexes (although it was still inferior to it in terms of weight and size characteristics). The maximum target detection range under normal hydrological conditions was 230 km. Onboard noise receivers operating in passive mode were used, as well as an extended towed infrasound antenna, folded up and placed in a special bulb-shaped container located above the vertical tail of the submarine.
The Medveditsa-671RTM navigation complex provided continuous automatic generation of position coordinates, course, speed relative to water and ground, roll and pitch angles, as well as automatic transmission of these parameters to other ship systems.
The combat information and control system (CIUS) "Omnibus" produced automated collection, processing and visual display of information that ensured decision-making on maneuvering, combat use of weapons, as well as control of torpedo and missile firing.
The nuclear submarine was equipped with a new automated communications complex "Molniya-L" with the space communications system "Tsunami-B", as well as a special reconnaissance complex.

CHARACTERISTICSAPLPROEKTA671RTM

Maximum length (m)
Maximum width (m)
One of the Gorky-built nuclear submarines, K0387, was the first to use low-noise propellers arranged in a tandem configuration.
In 1971, the construction of the Project 671 RT nuclear submarine also began at the Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad (which was explained by the insufficiently high pace of work in Gorky). The Leningraders made a number of improvements to the nuclear submarine construction technology: instead of the block method, the more advanced aggregate-block method was used. Using a special device, frames with already mounted units weighing up to 350 tons were moved into the section through its end.
CHARACTERISTICS OF APLPROJECT671RT
Average draft (m)
Displacement (t):
Normal
Surface speed (kt)
Autonomy (days)
Crew (persons)

The armament of the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine included 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber (ammunition of 16 torpedoes 53-65K or SET-65, M-5 underwater missiles and missile torpedoes "81R"), 2 torpedo tubes of 650 mm caliber (ammunition of 8 heavy-duty torpedoes 65-76). Instead of torpedoes, nuclear submarines could carry 36 Golets-type mines and hydroacoustic countermeasures, simulators of the MG-74 Korund).

In addition, the nuclear submarines carried special sabotage guided missiles “Siren” and other “special purpose” weapons, many of which would be the envy of super agent 007 James Bond, born from the imagination of Ian Flemying. In particular, in 1975, OKB im. N.I. Kamov created a single-seat helicopter "Ka-56", intended for transporting saboteurs and capable, together with its pilot, of being fired from a 533 mm torpedo tube of a submerged nuclear submarine.
It was decided to simultaneously organize the construction of the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine at the Leningrad Admiralty Association (with subsequent completion at the Nerpa shipyard and in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, at the Leninsky Komsomol shipyard (with completion at the Bolshoy Kamen shipyard).
The creation of Project 671RTM nuclear submarines in our country practically coincided with the implementation in the United States of a program for the construction of third-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the type - the most massive nuclear submarines of this type in the world) equipped with a powerful AN/BQQ-5 sonar system.
The lead ship in the series is the Los Angeles nuclear submarine (surface displacement - 6080 tons, underwater displacement - 6927 tons, maximum speed 31 knots, maximum diving depth - 450 m, armament - 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber with ammunition of 26 torpedoes and missile-torpedoes ) - joined the US Navy in 1976.
New US nuclear submarines continued to surpass their Soviet counterparts in terms of stealth and hydroacoustic system characteristics. However, this gap, as the Americans themselves admit, has narrowed significantly and is no longer of the same “dramatic” nature.

At the same time, US nuclear submarines actually equaled the Soviet ones in terms of maximum underwater speed (although they were somewhat inferior in terms of maximum diving depth).
At the same time, Pike-class nuclear submarines had better maneuverability and combat survivability. They also had some advantage in weapons. Due to a higher level of automation, Project 671RTM nuclear submarines had a significantly smaller crew than the US nuclear submarine Los Angeles, which made it possible to create better habitability conditions on board. However, in general, according to experts, the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine and the US nuclear submarine "SSN-688" were approximately equivalent ships.

The development of Project 671RTM nuclear submarines in the fleets has been somewhat delayed. The reason for this was the lack of development of the Omnibus BIUS: until the mid-80s, the system was not capable of fully solving the tasks assigned to it. On nuclear submarines of early construction, the Omnibus had to be adjusted during the operation of the nuclear submarine, which significantly limited their combat capabilities.
Already in the process of building a series of nuclear submarines, it was decided to switch from a seven-bladed propeller to a less “noisy” tandem design (two coaxial four-bladed propellers of counter rotation), which led to a lengthening of the nuclear submarine by 1 m.

Maximum immersion depth (m)	Number and name of the nuclear submarine	Nuclear submarine laying date	Date of acceptance of the nuclear submarine into the Navy
Admiralty Shipyards Leningrad
"K-292" RTMK
"K-388" RTMK
"K-138" RTMK
"K-414" RTMK
"K-448" RTMK
Komsomolsk-on-Amur
				Expelled 07/31/95
				Expelled 07/31/95
				Expelled 07/31/95
			07.11.1982.

However, the most important improvement introduced on the Project 671RTM nuclear submarine was a fundamentally new type of weapon - strategic small-sized subsonic cruise missiles "Granat" with a maximum firing range of 3000 km.

Equipping nuclear submarines with cruise missiles has completely transformed them into multi-purpose ships capable of solving a wide range of tasks in both conventional and nuclear wars. In terms of their weight and size characteristics, the Granat missile launchers were virtually no different from standard torpedoes. This made it possible to use them from standard 533 mm torpedo tubes. The last five nuclear submarines were put into operation under the 671RTMK project (with a weapons complex supplemented by the KR). Subsequently, the remaining ships of Project 671RTM were also equipped with cruise missiles.

On May 29, 1985, 3 nuclear submarines of Project 671RTM (“K-299”, “K-324” and “K-502”), as well as “K-488” of Project 701RT) simultaneously left Zapadnaya Litsa), a little later they were joined Nuclear submarine "K-417" (project 671). Of course, the entry into the ocean of an entire formation of nuclear submarines could not go unnoticed by US naval intelligence. An intensive search began, which, however, did not bring the expected results. At the same time, Soviet nuclear-powered submarines, acting secretly, themselves carried out intense work tracking US missile submarines in their combat patrol areas (in particular, the K-324 nuclear submarine had 3 hydroacoustic contacts with US SSBNs), the total length of which was 28 hours , and also studied the tactics of US anti-submarine aircraft. The Americans managed to establish contact only with the Soviet nuclear submarine K-488 (which was already returning to base); Operation Aport ended on July 1.
In March-June 1987, Operation Atrina, similar in scope, was carried out, in which 5 Soviet nuclear submarines of Project 671RTM took part - "K-244", "K-255", "K-298", "K-299" and "K-524", whose operations were supported by naval aviation aircraft, as well as two Kolguev-class reconnaissance ships equipped with sonar with extended hydroacoustic antennas. Although US intelligence knew about the departure of the nuclear-powered ships from Zapadnaya Litsa, the US Navy lost them in the North Atlantic. The dramatic “underwater hunt” began again, in which all anti-submarine forces of the US Atlantic Fleet took part - deck and shore-based aircraft, 6 anti-submarine nuclear submarines (in addition to the nuclear submarines deployed by the US Navy in the Atlantic), 3 powerful ship search groups, as well as 3 the latest hydroacoustic observation ships of the Stolwalt type, which use powerful underwater explosions to generate hydroacoustic pulses. British navy ships also joined the search operation. According to the stories of the commanders of Soviet nuclear submarines, the concentration of anti-submarine forces was such that it seemed almost impossible to surface for a radio communication session and air pumping. Nevertheless, the nuclear submarines managed to reach the Sargasso Sea area undetected, where the Soviet “veil” was finally discovered.

The Americans managed to establish the first contacts with the nuclear submarine only 8 days after the start of Operation Atrina. At the same time, Project 671RTM nuclear submarines were mistakenly mistaken for SSBNs, which further increased the concern of the US naval command and political leadership (it should be recalled that the events described occurred at the next peak of the Cold War, which at any moment could transform into a “Hot War” ), When returning to base to separate from US anti-submarine weapons, the submarine commanders were allowed to use secret hydroacoustic countermeasures.

The successful conduct of Operations Aport and Atrina confirmed the assumption that the US Navy, with the massive use of modern nuclear submarines by the USSR, would not be able to organize any effective counteraction to them.
The most difficult under-ice navigation at the end of 1985 was made by the nuclear submarine "K-524" (commander captain 1st rank V.V. Protopopov, senior on board - commander of the 33rd division captain 1st rank A.I. Shevchenko). The idea of ​​​​the campaign was to pass from the Arctic Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing Greenland from the northeast.
Entering the Lincoln Sea, the submarine passed through the narrow and shallow Robeson and Kennedy Straits, separating Greenland from Grant Land and Grinnell Land, passed the Kane Basin and through Smith Strait entered Baffin Bay and further into the North Atlantic.
The route was extremely difficult and dangerous. It was replete with shoals and icebergs, abundantly thrown up by the glaciers of Greenland. In the Baffin Sea, because of the icebergs, there were no safe depths at all. Under these conditions, the only reliable information means was hydroacoustics.

Already in the Atlantic, the nuclear submarine "K-524" met with the US aircraft carrier "America" ​​and openly "attacked" it (conditionally, of course). The entire campaign lasted 80 days, 54 of which were under ice, at depths of more than 150 m. For participation in this operation, Captain 1st Rank V.V. Protopopov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Project 671RTM nuclear submarines were the first to master transpolar passages from the Pacific to the Northern theater. In 1981, 1982 and 1983 in order to optimally distribute multi-purpose nuclear submarines between fleets, such transitions were carried out by the nuclear submarines "K-255", "K-324" and "K-218", built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. At the beginning of 1989, in accordance with Russian-American According to agreements, weapons equipped with nuclear warheads were removed from the multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the US Navy and the USSR Navy and stored on the shore. As a result, Project 671RTM nuclear submarines lost the Shkval and Granat missiles.
Project 671RTM ships participated in solving not only military, but also purely peaceful problems. Thus, the nuclear submarine "Daniil Moskovsky" (Captain 1st Rank P.I. Litvin), after supporting missile launches of the heavy submarine cruiser TK-20 from the North Pole area, delivered at the end of August 1995 to the polar port of Kharasavey, which was closed by ice for the passage of surface ships. ships, 10 tons of sugar and flour.
On August 29, 1991, Project 671RTM nuclear submarines were reclassified from cruising to large 1st rank nuclear submarines (the letter “K” in the ship number was replaced by the letter “B”),

This decision, which affected, in particular, the salaries of command personnel, was very negatively received in the fleets.
In the mid-90s, Project 671RTM nuclear submarines began to gradually leave service. On July 3-1, the nuclear submarines "K-247", "K-492" and "K-412" were excluded from the Pacific Fleet, having completed a total of 12, 10 and 6 autonomous cruises.
After a fire in the turbine compartment that occurred in 1994, the K-305 nuclear submarine never returned to service, having become part of the technical reserve.
On February 29, the Russian embassy in London appealed to the command of the British Navy with a request to provide assistance to a nuclear submarine sailor who had undergone an operation on board the ship to remove appendicitis, after which peritonitis was discovered (treatment of which is only possible in an inpatient setting). Soon the patient was redirected ashore with a Lynx helicopter from the destroyer Glasgow.

However, the British press was not so much touched by the unexpected manifestation of Russian-British naval cooperation as expressed bewilderment by the fact that at the time when negotiations were underway in Longjohn on the evacuation of a patient, in the North Atlantic, precisely in the area where the Russian TUPL was located , NATO anti-submarine maneuvers took place (by the way, the Glasgow MS also took part in them). However, the Russian nuclear submarine was detected only when it itself surfaced to transfer the unfortunate sailor to the helicopter. According to the influential British newspaper The Times, the Russian nuclear submarine has demonstrated how secretive it is by tracking anti-submarine forces and remaining undetected. It is noteworthy that the Pike-class nuclear submarine was mistaken by the British for a more modern (and, naturally, quieter) Project 971 nuclear submarine.
In 1999, the following nuclear submarines of Project 671RTM served as part of the Northern Fleet: "B-138", "B-218", "B-244", "B-254", "B-255",
"B-292", "B-298", "B-299", "B-324", "B-358", "B-388", "B-414", "B-448", "B" -502" and "B-524".

The Pacific Fleet included the nuclear submarines "B-242", "B-251", "B-264", "B-305", "B-355", "B-360" and "B-507".

It is likely that in the future the rate of “washing out” of Project 671RTM nuclear submarines from the fleet will accelerate even more. However, some nuclear submarines of this type will most likely survive until 2010. It can be assumed that these SSBNs will undergo modernization aimed at reducing noise, strengthening weapons and avionics.

As part of the project, forty-eight submarines with different combat equipment and constant improvements were built and launched. This was the most important stage in Soviet military shipbuilding: it was during the tough confrontation with the United States that domestic shipyards learned to make high-class submarines.

When it all started

This was after the Second World War. The first nuclear submarine in the world appeared only in 1954, it was the famous American Nautilus with a maximum underwater speed of 23 knots. He managed to swim under the ice to the North Pole, earning himself an honorable place in the history of the world's submarine fleet.

The USSR was four years behind the Nautilus: in 1958, the Leninsky Komsomol, the Soviet first nuclear submarine, was launched, capable of overtaking an American underwater without any effort: its underwater maximum speed was already 30 knots.

The parties worked under unequal conditions. If the previous boat project number 627 was created based on experience with diesel ships and scant information from the Americans, then the second generation boats were made taking into account their own difficult experience. Already at that time, the supply of consumables and related equipment was carried out through completely different channels and principles. Americans could choose the best examples of electronics or, for example, guns for shooting all over the world - even in Japan, even in Sweden. Our guys worked only with domestic manufacturers, with understandable difficulties.

Historical Shock: Embarrassment in the Sargasso Sea

In 1962, the world froze in anticipation of the outcome of the largest American-Soviet conflict over the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. The United States of America introduced a strict maritime quarantine to block Soviet ships from reaching Cuba. The Soviet leadership immediately responded to such a demarche. The order was tough and urgent: break the naval blockade with the help of Soviet submarines.

Four diesel boats, reinforced with nuclear torpedoes and equipped with the latest tactical Soviet developments that allow them to evade the enemy underwater, urgently arrived on the Cuban shores. So it seemed to the Soviet submariners.

It all ended disastrously. In the Sargasso Sea, our boats were quickly detected using the hydrophones of the latest American Sosus tracking system. The Americans began dropping grenades on the boats, preventing them from rising to the surface of the water, which is vital for diesel engines. In the wild heat and lack of oxygen, the submariners fainted.

It ended with the B-130 boat being the first to rise to the surface of the water in full view of everyone. It was a desperate and brave gesture by the submarine captain, who sent an encrypted message with a damning text about a forced ascent, a broken diesel engine and a dead battery. And that the B-130 was surrounded by four American destroyers. Following this encryption, messages came from other crews with approximately the same content. Adventure, courage, complete failure - these are the most suitable words for a short summary, which in the end turned out to be a cruel and at the same time effective lesson. After all, it was with this offensive failure that the path of the famous nuclear submarines 671 began.

Conclusions and new challenges for second generation submarines

The level of awareness of the Soviet submariners who participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis was zero: after all, they were sure that there was an American spy at the headquarters of the USSR Navy. And that’s the only reason American ships were able to detect our diesel engines so quickly.

The Soviet first generation missiles had a catastrophically short range. For this reason, they had to break through the US naval defense - they did not know how to shoot from afar. To protect them, a new type of boat was needed with a completely new task: to hunt not for surface ships, but for enemy submarines. New underwater hunters were needed - fighters to protect missile carriers.

The main criteria were defined as underwater speed, diving depth and maneuverability. Hence the special shape of Project 671 boats - everything is tailored to their functions and tasks. Hence the “fishy” coding of the series.

Project 671 “Ruff”: new underwater hunters

The famous Leningrad "Malachite" is not a jewelry company, as one might think. This is a serious design bureau, which was entrusted with the development of new Project 671 submarines. The main task was the fight against American strategic submarines, which were essentially missile submarines. Swimming under the ice, they were invulnerable. And the largest and strategic cities of the USSR Moscow, Murmansk, Leningrad and Sevastopol were under constant threat of a missile strike.

The situation was tense, the pressure from management was enormous, the speed of the project was fantastic. The matter was further complicated by new troubles on the American side: they were not asleep there either.

Already in 1963, the Americans launched a new class of submarines, the Lafayette. In terms of their functions, they were specialized missile carriers. Their main feature was fantastic noiselessness. Soviet radar equipment detected them at a distance of only a few kilometers. This situation could lead to nonsense: submarine 671 could become obsolete even before its birth. Of course, a solution was found. We had to create a new process for loading torpedoes: it has now become fully automated. Much of this project was done for the first time in Soviet shipbuilding; this moment was truly breakthrough.

The technical characteristics of Project 671 called “Ruff” were as follows:

• the length and width of the boat are 95 and 11.7 meters, respectively;
• diving depth 320 meters;
• nuclear power plant with turbine power of 30,000 horsepower;
• underwater speed 32 knots;
• autonomous swimming ability - 50 days.

As for weapons, the "brushes" were equipped with 36 mines and two SS-N-15 missiles.

First baptism of fire

The underwater confrontation between the new underwater hunters of Project 671 and American strategic submarines turned into an interesting chronicle, which could be used to make an excellent action-packed series.

The Americans controlled almost half of Antarctica thanks to the excellent modified Sosus system. Their database contained records of all noise produced by Soviet ships, including civilian ships. And for each submarine, real detailed noise portraits were compiled. Detection tactics have also changed. The Americans did not report that they had discovered a Soviet submarine; instead, they continued to control the submarine's progress covertly, literally hanging on its tail, as in a spy novel. They could do this because they were silent, like cats.

What about our new submarines in such a difficult situation? They performed well from the very beginning. When breaking through anti-submarine blockades (which was their main function), the “ruffs” turned out to be quite effective. They made, of course, a lot of noise in comparison with American boats, but in terms of speed and performance they overtook everyone and easily escaped pursuit. In other words, the first combat mission in the launch series of Project 671 submarines was completed. The designers did an excellent job with the sailors.

Project 671 RT "Salmon"

In the early 70s, a new problem came. Our underwater hunters of the 671 series found themselves in the role of game - the hunt began for them. It was about yet another modernization of the US Navy's weapons. New missiles with multiple warheads appeared on their boats. But they were not the main problem, but the so-called torpedo missile - an anti-submarine weapon with an increased range. This missile-torpedo moved like a typical torpedo in the water. Then she came out of the water and turned into a rocket, which flew to the designated point. At this point, a special warhead departed from it, which exploded at the required depth in the water.

The designers of the Malachite bureau again had the urgent task of “catching up and overtaking.” The Soviet answer came a year later: it was a modified boat 671 with the abbreviation RT under the code "Salmon". Its main advantage was the new Vyuga missile system with an increased missile range of up to 40 km, a powerful caliber and a nuclear warhead.

"Salmon" was capable of destroying enemy boats several kilometers from the epicenter. Additional weapons included devices for high-power torpedoes with a caliber of 650 mm. The boats were lengthened by an entire compartment, and the comfort of the crew’s stay increased. They did a good job with the notorious noise: they managed to reduce it by five times, which, however, was still insufficient. The photo shows the submarine 671 of the RT project.

In 1975, a funny story happened. The Defense Department of the CPSU Central Committee urgently convened all submarine designers for an emergency meeting. They were met by a prosecutor with an official complaint in hand. A Navy officer working in the receiving office complained. He believed that the main problem of all Project 671 boats in the form of high noise (and this was exactly the case) was a consequence of the planned actions of the designers. The matter ended with a detailed debriefing, after which the designers promised to look at all possible options for reducing noise. The right solution was finally found. The main sources of noise - the turbine and turbogenerators - were placed on shock absorbers inside a special chamber. Subsequently, such a scheme was placed on all subsequent boats. The very first exit of the silent boat 671 RT caused a stir among the Americans: they lost Atlantic and Antarctic peace forever.

"Salmon" had excellent technical characteristics:

• length 102 m and width 10 m;
• ability to dive to 350 m;
• nuclear power plant with a capacity of 30,000 horsepower;
• underwater speed 30.5 knots;
• possibility of autonomous navigation for 60 days;

The armament was more than serious: 12 torpedo tubes of various calibers and two SS-N-16 nuclear missiles.

Project 671 RTM: and now “Pikes”

This series is an extremely interesting project from all points of view; it would be useful to study it in universities as part of production management. First of all, it was an attempt (very successful in the end) to squeeze everything possible out of the two projects 671 and 671 RT. The fact is that in parallel, third-generation submarines were already being built in full swing - fundamentally new projects 945 and 971 with a radical reduction in noise levels and a powerful set of weapons.

The latest powerful hydroacoustic and navigation systems were introduced into the design of the Project 671 RTM submarine. New means of communication were at the world level. Two nuclear reactors were also installed with a significant increase in power. Improvements affected all systems of the boat. Taking into account such transformations, the RTM 671 submarine smoothly moved into the category of third-generation submarines.

The legendary “Pike” is the most advanced option of the project. Project 671 RTM was a multi-purpose nuclear submarine. In total, 26 models were produced under the abbreviation RTM - a whole series of boats with excellent technical characteristics, including:

• maximum diving depth 600 m;
• maximum underwater speed 31 knots;
• two powerful reactors of 31,000 horsepower each.

The boat could sail autonomously for 80 days. The crew required a more substantial size - approximately 100 people.

The main advantage of the RTM Project 671 submarine was its armament: Granat cruise missiles, 24 torpedoes or 34 mines, depending on the modification of the particular boat. This configuration, combined with speed and buoyancy, made the RTM series unique. The submarine's nuclear reactor met all safety requirements.

As a result, Project 671 turned out to be very competent from a technical evolutionary point of view: its beginning was the creation of a new second-generation boat, and the end was the transformation of 671 RTM submarines into the latest third-generation submarines.

Project 671 RTM nuclear submarines were built at two factories: the famous Admiralty Association in St. Petersburg and the Leninsky Komsomol Shipyard in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The final refinement was carried out at the Zvezdochka plant and at the base in Bolshoy Kamen.

Parity arms race underwater

Historically, the project of the Project 671 RTM nuclear submarine coincided in terms of timing with the beginning of the American program for the construction of third-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the SSN-688 type. As a result, they became the most massive series of submarines in the world history of the submarine fleet (a total of 62 units were produced). In the photo, the nuclear submarine Los Angeles is the lead ship with a speed of 31 knots and an armament of 26 torpedoes. It was launched in 1976.

The coincidence of timing, of course, was not accidental. The fact is that American nuclear submarines at that time were significantly better than Soviet boats in terms of stealth and acoustic capabilities. The gap gradually narrowed, but did not disappear completely.

The Americans also had something to work on: they were inferior to their Soviet counterparts in maximum underwater speed, and the combat survivability and maneuverability of the “pike” were higher. In terms of armament level, both series could compete, but the Soviet 671 RTM had a relative advantage.

It was also important that fewer people were required to service the boats of the 671 RTM series. Thus, due to the compact crew, the habitability conditions on board were much higher. It may seem that this criterion is not a key one. But if we take into account the many months of autonomous submarine raids, for example, under ice, habitability conditions come to the fore in importance: this is the state and mood of the crew.

In general, according to independent experts, submarines 671РТМ and SSN-688 were approximately equivalent. We can say that the race of two conditional opponents in terms of improvement and defensive power went on in parallel, both participants were approximately equal.

Much has been written about American nuclear submarines in the world press. Even among ordinary people it was a well-known and discussed project. Almost no one knew about the Soviet submarines of Project 671 due to the traditional extreme secrecy of Soviet submariners. Even now, information about them is limited to narrow professional resources. It is difficult to find on the Internet, for example, high-quality photos of a Pike-class nuclear submarine.

Therefore, the long-term history of underwater “catch-up” between the two rival countries also remains behind secret curtains. But in vain, there were many interesting cases. One of the most striking is the major operation “Aport” in the Atlantic Ocean in 1985, when Soviet submariners “washed” their conditional enemy - the US Navy. Everything resembled a real hunt with an ambush, which is quite natural: the entire Project 671 was created specifically for hunting enemy submarines.

At the end of May, three beautiful hunters of the RTM class sailed out into the ocean from the Zapadnaya Litsa base on the Kola Peninsula with two boats of 671 other modifications attached to them. Of course, American naval intelligence could not help but notice such a nuclear submarine team. Noticed, but... lost. They searched with all intelligence in the most intensive way. The only American success was the discovery of the K-488 boat only when it was already returning home to the base. Meanwhile, our beauties were busy with their permanent combat missions: they monitored the missile submarines and anti-submarine aircraft of the US Navy during their patrols. As a result, the Americans hunted for the crew of boats 671 RTM for a whole month without success. "Aport" ended on July 1, 1985.

Operation Atrina was fundamental and most important in a political sense for Soviet submariners. This time the “magnificent five” of the famous submarines K-244, K-255, K-298, K-299 and K-524 took part in it. The five boats had support in the form of naval aviation and a pair of reconnaissance ships equipped with special hydroacoustic systems with antennas. Like last time, the Americans knew about the departure of the boats, but immediately lost them in the Atlantic Ocean. The hunt began again, all detection forces were brought up in the form of three search groups with the involvement of British ships. The boats left unnoticed and reached that same ill-fated Sargasso Sea.

The Americans managed to find contact with the boats only eight days after the start of the operation. They mistook the pikes for missile submarines, which was something they were seriously worried about. All of these actions took place during the peak of the Cold War.

The results of Operations Aport and Atrina showed that the US Navy will not be able to effectively counter the new generation nuclear submarines of Project 671 RTM if they are used on a massive scale.

This was the most important victory of the Soviet navy. This is what it means to make the right entries. Submariners have always been able to do this.

Another well-known heroic page was the under-ice navigation of the famous incredibly difficult boat K-524. The task was to sail from the Arctic Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing the island of Greenland from the northeast. This passage became a legend, and captain Protopopov V.V. received the star of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Noisy. Sheathing. Acoustics. Write off…

Unfortunately, yes. Everything comes to an end, and the legendary hunter submarines of Project 671 "Ruff", "Salmon" and "Pike" were no exception. The issue of their modernization was considered by the command of the Russian Navy in the most serious manner several years ago. This was a competition for pike modernization projects, where all possible options were explored.

It's all about the high noise of the boats - the criterion by which the 671 series lost to the American Los Angeles back in the days of the frenzied race for improvements.

The cost of upgrading the boat would be approximately the same as the cost of a new boat. It would be necessary to change the entire contents, including the latest sonar systems and, of course, the reactors themselves. The cladding would also need some serious work.

Thus, modernization was considered futile. By 2015, the boats were decommissioned. The famous 671 submarine project has ended. Submariners remember and appreciate it; it was a glorious time for the flight of engineering, technical discoveries and exploits of submariners, which are still little known to many people.

Project 671 RTM

Modernization showed the feasibility of further consistent improvement of this class of boats; the reserves for modernization laid down during the development of Project 671 made it possible to preserve the basic solutions for creating the next modification of missile-torpedo multi-purpose submarines. Only when the modernization project 671 RTM was approved in June 1975, work began (almost in parallel) on the creation of promising third-generation boats at the Malachite Design Bureau (Bars) and the Lazurit Design Bureau (Barracuda). It must be assumed that until this time the series of boats under construction had completely satisfied the Navy. Subsequently, parallel construction of similar projects for these design bureaus began. The “Lazuritovskaya” titanium boat actually surpassed the “Malakhitovskaya” in terms of magnetic fields, but at the same time it turned out to be four times more expensive.

Against their background, the latest hulls of the 671 RTM look quite good: in terms of combat capabilities and habitability, the new boats are not far ahead, but in terms of “cost-effectiveness” they are far behind. Now, by the way, the development of nuclear submarines is experiencing a certain crisis, as diesel boats once experienced. All attempts to improve their characteristics yield modest results at enormous costs. A striking example is the American novelty “Seawolf”. US anti-submarine forces confidently detect, classify and “destroy” it. All its unsurpassed characteristics are advertising chatter and psychological treatment of enemies. They say that criticism of our fleet and exaltation of our own in the American press had a great effect on S.G. Gorshkov and “helped” him (or the Americans?) sometimes in making decisions.

A page from the French yearbook for 1996.

The removal of a nuclear submarine from the boathouse to the transfer dock at the Lenin Komsomol shipyard in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Large nuclear multipurpose submarine 1st rank B - 448 “TAMBOV”

The basis for the project of the next modification of the project - 671 RTM (code “Pike”) was based on studies to place in approximately the same dimensions a new generation of radio-technical weapons and a new SAC “Skat” (chief designer B.B. Indin), which had three times the capabilities previous hydroacoustic systems - their detection range under normal hydrological conditions was 230 km. On-board noise receivers operating in passive mode were used, and an extended towed infrasound antenna was originally located in the tail bulb (nacelle). A new BIUS “Omnibus” was installed. Measures were taken to reduce the acoustic field through the introduction of fundamentally new solutions for depreciation (“disabling foundations”), decoupling of mechanisms and structures, the use of partitions for ventilation systems, vertical scuppers, and a demagnetization device. Increased autonomy from 60 to 80 days. The design of the deckhouse and light hull was strengthened to ensure floating in ice. The general arrangement of the compartments remains the same as on the previous modification.

All work was carried out under the guidance of G.I. Chernysheva. He probably holds the world record for the duration of construction of one type of boat on a basic project. Not a single boat of this type sank; all accidents were minor in scale and claimed a minimum number of lives. Since 1984, R.A. has been appointed chief designer of these projects. Shmakov.

The main observer from the Navy was Captain 2nd Rank G.V. Nikolaev, the construction of boats of the modernized project 671 RTM took place at the Admiralty Association (with completion at the Nerpa shipyard) and at the Lenin Komsomol shipyard in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (with completion at Bolshoy Kamen). At SZLK (N 199) before this, a large series of nuclear missile carriers of projects 675, 667 A and B were built; at first, each ship was built completely, before withdrawal, in its own dock. With the increase in displacement, we switched to “dry” removal from the construction docks to a special transport and launching dock (TLD). In addition, the construction docks of boathouse “A”, which have smaller dimensions than the docks of other boathouses, were adapted to form large zonal blocks, which were transferred using a transborder to assemble boathouses “B” and “C”. Thus, when laying the boat, the hull readiness could be up to 40–44%. The technology and equipment for the new project were mastered in the shortest possible time, construction was carried out in a flow-position method; the submarine, ready for launching, did not float up from the supports of the slipway, but was rolled out of it by a ship-carrying train (on which, in fact, it was built) in the transport and launching station doc. Then mooring tests were carried out in a special bucket, after which the boat under its own power entered the transport dock, on which it was delivered to the delivery base in Bolshoi Kamen.

The Amur Shipyard was led during this period by A.T. Deev, later Yu.Z. Kuchmin, military receivers O.S. Prokofiev and B.I. Polushin. Mention should also be made of the directors of LAO-B.E. Klopotova, I.I. Pirogova, V.N. Dubrovsky, heads of military acceptance G.L. Nebesova, V.V. Gordeeva, E.E. Nikolaeva, V.V. Colmo. A total of 26 units were built at two factories for this project, and the last one (Tambov) was already included in the Russian Navy. During the construction process, to reduce noise emissions from the propeller, the speed of the propeller was reduced; almost all boats used a “tandem” design, consisting of two four-blade propellers installed one behind the other. This scheme was tested on the K-387 built by Gorky. The length of the boat increased by 1 meter.

The main characteristics of the 671 RTM project are as follows: normal displacement - 4780 tons, underwater - 6990 tons, full underwater - 7250 tons. Maximum length - 106.1 m (107.1 m), light hull width - 10.78 m, width along stabilizers - 16.48 m, draft bow - 7.9 m, stern - 7.7 m, amidships - 7.8 m. Buoyancy reserve 28%, working depth 400 meters, maximum 600 meters. Underwater speed is 31 knots, surface speed is 11.6 knots. The power plant is similar to the previous modification - two reactors of type VM-4, GTZA-615 with a total power of 31,000 hp. s, 1 propeller 290 rpm, two auxiliary electric motors 375 hp each. at 500 rpm.

A new navigation complex “Medveditsa-671 RTM”, a new automated communication complex “Molniya-L”, a reconnaissance complex, a space communication complex “Tsunami-B”, and a CIUS “Omnibus” were installed. Armament: four 533-mm torpedo tubes (16 torpedoes 53-65K or SET-65, Shkval VA-111 missiles or 36 mines “Golets”), two 650 mm torpedo tubes (8 long-range torpedoes 65.-76) . Simulators of MG-74 “Korund” are also accepted. It is possible to transport and use special guided sabotage projectiles “Sirena”. A little later, the boats began adapting to the use of Granat strategic cruise missiles (launched from a 533-mm TA), which made it possible to launch high-precision strikes against enemy coastal targets and made them truly multi-purpose.

Crew: 27 officers, 34 midshipmen, 35 sailors and foremen. The commander of the lead boat K-524 V.V. Protopopov received the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1986. This type of ship was finally accepted into service on April 25, 1984. In fact, the project was transitional between the second generation boats (in terms of design solutions) and the third generation (in terms of armament and equipment), which undoubtedly helped later, building on the achieved level, to create our best nuclear attack submarines of Project 971.

The combat capabilities of submarines are carefully camouflaged, and the routes and missions of undetected ships are not discussed. Not a single submarine ship with modern means can be invulnerable - this is clear. And yet, operations like “Aport” cannot but evoke pride in our ships and navy, when four similar boats of the 33rd division simultaneously left Zapadnaya Litsa: K-299, K-324, K-488, K-502 , and a little later they were joined by K-147 (by the way, “clean” 671). After almost an entire formation of nuclear-powered ships disappeared from the base, the Americans became alarmed. The search was carried out day and night, in three sectors - Bermuda (Brunswick Air Base), Azores (Lagens Air Base) and Canadian (Greenwood Base) and did not bring any results. The boats seemed to have sunk. But at the same time, as it turned out, they were doing hard work tracking US SSBNs, uncovering patrol areas of nuclear-powered ships, and studying the tactics of American aviation when searching for our boats. K-147 was “led” for six days by the American missile carrier Simon Bolivar, using acoustic and non-acoustic detection means. K-324 had three contacts. On our side, only K-488 (Project 671 RT) was discovered once, and only after returning. Similar results were achieved during Operation Atrina two days later, in 1987, by boats K-244, K-255, K-298, K-299, K-524. Later, commanders reported that sometimes it was impossible to surface for a communication session or raise the RKP shaft to replenish air reserves in the cylinders; there was a real hunt using absolutely all the forces and means of the NATO fleets, including three long-range hydroacoustic reconnaissance ships, providing coverage of the underwater situation with powerful underwater explosions (“Invincible”, “Stallworth”, “Indomiteble”). An additional six nuclear submarines departed from Norfolk, and three squadrons of anti-submarine aircraft departed from Brunswick. On the eighth day, the “Soviet curtain” was discovered. After this, it was allowed to fire LDTs ​​and GPD devices (false targets and hydroacoustic countermeasures), which, due to the fact that they are expensive, our crews usually do not use. Naturally, such “savings” led to the fact that half of the boats were no longer able to break away from the pursuing forces. And yet, analyzing the results of Atrina, the main headquarters of the Navy came to an unequivocal conclusion: the Americans do not have enough forces to completely control the ocean in the event of a mass exit of our submarines. This demonstration is not even of strength, but simply of the capabilities of our Navy, carried out with the sanction of Yu. V. Andropova, was, unfortunately, the last. Our current politicians simply do not imagine that, within the framework of ordinary exercises of nuclear submarines, one can skillfully influence the government of any country, including America, in the interests of one’s state...

K-147 (project 671), entered service on January 20, 1969, modernized in 1984 with the installation of a new wake detection system (SOKS). In 1985, using this system, the boat “led” an American SSBN for six days. The K-438 also underwent a similar modernization.

Cabin and retractable devices pr. 671 RTM:

1 - Antenna of the radio station “Anis”; 2 - radio direction finder; 3 - RCP; 4 - radio reconnaissance system; 5 - PJIK-101; 6 - communication antenna; 7 - television system MT-70; 8 - “Sintez” space communication station; 9 - periscope; 10 - wake tracking system (SOKS).

The large number of the series and high combat capabilities predetermined intense service in the Northern and Pacific fleets, turning 671 into “workhorses”. Only the reliability of the design, thoughtful placement, and ease of operation ensured their long service without serious accidents. And yet, constant trips wear out equipment. During the next inspections, boats that have not undergone repairs are underestimated and put into reserve, from which they are now rarely returned.

The official classification until July 25, 1977 considered ships of this type to be large submarines of the 1st rank. On August 29, 1991, this project was reclassified from cruising (K) again to large 1st rank (B) with a change in letter designations in tactical numbers. In the current state of affairs, it is clearly visible that their exploitation has begun “to the point of wear and tear” and they do not have long to live.

Currently, in accordance with government decree N 514 of July 24, 1992, the Nerpa shipyard, which was previously engaged in their repair, has begun dismantling second-generation boats (the Zvezdochka plant cuts up missile carriers, Sevmashpredpriyatie specializes in titanium ships). The submarines K-481 (Project 671) and K-479 (Project 670M) have already been cut apart at Nerpa. In this case, the reactor compartments are equipped with additional buoyancy tanks and in this form are towed to Sayda Bay for long-term storage. This is a painstaking, expensive and unprofitable task, and approximately the same amount of money will have to be spent on cutting and complete disposal as on the construction of this fleet.

Numbers of ships related to Project 671: 38; 53; 138; 147; 218; 242; 244; 247; 251; 254; 255; 264; 292; 298; 299; 305; 306; 314; 323; 324; 355; 358; 360; 367; 369; 370; 371; 387; 388; 398; 412; 414; 438; 448; 454; 462; 467; 469; 481; 488; 492; 495; 502; 507; 513; 517; 524; 527.

The photo shows the reactor compartment of the Victor-1 class nuclear submarine at the Nerpa shipyard. Buoyancy tanks are welded to the stern and bow parts of the compartment. Next, the reactor compartment will be towed to Sayda Bay, a long-term storage site for reactor compartments of decommissioned nuclear submarines.

The construction of a slab for cutting nuclear submarines at the Nerpa plant was planned to be completed in 1996, but due to lack of funding, the delivery date for the facility has not been determined.

The Nerpa shipyard is located in Olenya Bay. The plant repairs and maintains operational nuclear submarines and civilian ships. Second-generation nuclear submarines are also being dismantled here.

Armament

SHKVAL VA -111 533 mm - 11 km (200 knots) nuclear warhead. pl ROCKET

53-65K. 533 mm - 19 km (45 knots) oxygen torpedo

SET-65. 53Zmm -15 km (40 knots) electric torpedo

SAET-65, 533 mm -13 km (42 knots) electric/torpedo (acoustic)

65–76 650 mm 50 km (50 kt) long range

RK-55 GRENADE. 533 mm strategic SLCM. 3000 km.

Corundum -2. 533 mm simulator 15 knots 30 min

PMR-2. 533 mm mine

Homing electric torpedoes SET-65 and SET-40

Designed to destroy submarines and can be used from both submarines and surface ships.

1 - guidance system, 2 - proximity fuse; 3 - contact fuse. 4 - explosive charge; 5 - battery; 6 - control devices 7 - electric motor

From the book Technology and Weapons 2006 10 author Magazine "Equipment and Weapons"

Project 628 The navy also began to look closely at projectile aircraft. In the absence of aircraft carriers, projectile aircraft were practically the only means of attacking coastal targets. In addition, the possibility of equipping ship-based projectile aircraft with homing systems,

From the book Project 671 Submarines author Pavlov Alexander Sergeevich

From the book Armored cruiser "Admiral Nakhimov" author Suliga S.V.

Project 644 With the adoption of the P-5 projectile aircraft, it began to be supplied to nuclear missile-carrying submarines, the first of which was the S-80. Before the refit, it was a rare ship in its own way: the first Soviet submarine built after the war according to the latest technology

From the book Garibaldi-class armored cruisers author Kofman V.L.

Project 665 Design work on a more thorough reconstruction of the Project 613 into a carrier of P-5 projectile aircraft also began at TsKB-18, but due to the overload of the head organization of the industry with the design of fundamentally new boats, this topic was "inherited" to TsKB-112. At first

From the book Ultra-small submarines and human torpedoes. Part 3 author Ivanov S.V.

Project 659 All of the listed boats with P-5 missile aircraft were variations on the diesel-electric submarines of Project 613. Along with them, nuclear submarines of Project 659 were designed and built specifically for this missile weapon, as was another nuclear missile carrier

From the book Volunteer-class Destroyers author Melnikov Rafail Mikhailovich

Project 671 On January 21, 1969, by government decree, Project 671 was officially adopted for service. This is a double-hulled boat with a “limousine” type deckhouse fencing characteristic of the SKB-143 and a developed stern tail. The robust housing, up to 35 mm thick, consists of

From the book Myasishchev. Inconvenient genius [Forgotten victories of Soviet aviation] author

Project 671 RTM Modernization showed the feasibility of further consistent improvement of this class of boats; reserves for modernization laid down during the development of Project 671 made it possible to preserve the basic solutions for the creation of the next modification

From the book Jet firstborns of the USSR - MiG-9, Yak-15, Su-9, La-150, Tu-12, Il-22, etc. author Yakubovich Nikolay Vasilievich

Project The task for the Marine Technical Committee (MTK) to design a new armored ship for cruising purposes, which should have been built within the framework of the 1881 program, was formulated by the head of the Naval Ministry, Vice Admiral I.A. Shestakov, on May 18, 1882

From the book Submarines of the XII series author Ignatiev E. P.

Project The appearance of new cruisers was closely related to the general situation that developed in the Mediterranean Sea at the end of the last century. Having been defeated in a naval battle off Fr. Lissa, the Italians were able to outplay their opponent - the Austrians - in a shipbuilding competition.

From the book Battleships of the Neptune class. 1909-1928 author Kozlov Boris Vasilievich

Project “K” The amazing successes achieved by German submarines in the first months of World War II led to the almost complete cessation of work on midget submarines. Few designers continued to work on dacha themes. among these few

From the author's book

Project VS-5 A certain Rudolf Ingelman, either a coffee trader or a dentist, in l 925 proposed the project schnellen Halb-Unlerseebool (high-speed semi-submersible submarine). Ingelman's submarine was intended for high-speed mail delivery across the Atlantic. In 1939 it was authorized

From the author's book

Project No. 120 The private shipyard "Germany" in the town of Gaarden in Kiel belonged to the famous company F. Krupp and, being engaged in shipbuilding activities, was the second supplier of destroyers for the German fleet after F. Schichau. These numbered ships with the indices G. (Germania) and S ( Schichau)

From the author's book

Project “36” By the mid-1950s, it became obvious that two strategic bombers would have to be adopted – the M-4 and Tu-95. The first of them had greater speed and bomb load, the second had a greater range. The Soviet Union was never able to create

From the author's book

Project “D” Research on a fighter aircraft with a VRDK at the Sukhoi Design Bureau, designated I-107 (“D”), began in the fall of 1942. The real possibility of creating such a machine appeared only two years after the appearance of the VRDK. By mid-February 1944 it was ready

From the author's book

Project 604 During combat operations, submarine commanders, especially in the Baltic, repeatedly indicated in their reports that armament with mines would significantly expand the combat capabilities of XII series submarines. Taking into account the opinion of submariners, at the beginning of 1942 TsKB-18

From the author's book

Project "K5" According to the program of the 1909 fiscal year, in July of the same year, two battleships of the same type were laid down, which, according to the project, had the index "K5", and were an improved version of the battleship "Neptune", although their older "brother" gave them his main flaw -

Purpose of nuclear submarine pr.671RTM: The 2nd generation nuclear torpedo submarine Project 671RTM “Pike” was intended to combat enemy air strike groups and was a further development of the Project 671RT nuclear submarine.

Torpedo armament of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
2 bow 650 mm torpedo tubes
4 spare 650 mm torpedoes (65-73 or 65-76)
4 bow 533 mm torpedo tubes
14 spare 533-mm torpedoes (torpedoes 53-65K and SET-65, or PLUR 83R and 84R PARK "Vodopad", or M5 PARK "Shkval")
Missile torpedo and torpedo firing control system "Ladoga 1V-671RT"
“Squid” torpedo tube preparation system

Missile armament of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
RPK-6M missile-torpedoes of the Vodopad complex capable of hitting enemy submarines at a range of up to 50 km. The warhead is a nuclear charge or a 400-mm small-sized electric torpedo UMGT-1.
The small-sized electric torpedo UMGT-1 has a speed of 41 knots, a range of 8 km, and a travel depth of up to 500 m. The acoustic active-passive homing system of the torpedo has a response radius along the active channel of 1500 m.
Anti-submarine missile torpedo "Shkval"
Diameter 533.4 mm; Length 8.2 m; Weight 660 kg; Explosive weight 200 kg
Travel speeds up to 200 knots; Maximum range up to 11,000 m
MANPADS "Strela-ZM" - 6 missiles.

Appearance of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:

Design of nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
The technical design of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM was developed by SPMBM "Malachite" on the basis of the nuclear submarine pr.671RT and approved in 1974.

Construction of nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:

№	Tactical number	Factory	Mortgage	Delivered	Compound
1	K-524, B-524 "60 years of Komsomol patronage"	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01636	07.05.76	28.12.77	in project 671RTMK
2	K-247, B-247	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-271	15.07.76	30.12.78
3	K-507, B-507	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-282	22.09.77	30.11.79
4	K-492, B-492	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-303	23.02.78	30.12.79
5	K-254, B-254	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01638	24.09.77	30.12.79	in project 671RTMK
6	K-412, B-412	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-304	29.10.78	30.12.79
7	K-251, B-251	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-295	26.06.79	30.09.80
8	K-255, B-255	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-296	07.11.79	28.12.80
9	K-324, B-324	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-297	29.02.80	30.12.80
10	K-502, B-502 "Volgograd"	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01641	23.07.79	31.12.80	in project 671RTMK
11	K-305, B-305	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-308	07.06.80	30.09.81
12	K-355, B-355	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-299	31.12.80	29.12.81
13	K-527, B-527	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01643	28.09.78	30.12.81
14	K-360, B-360	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-300	08.05.81	07.11.82
15	K-298, B-298	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01645	25.02.81	27.12.82
16	K-218, B-218	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-301	03.06.81	28.12.82
17	K-242, B-242 "50 years of Komsomolsk-on-Amur"	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-302	12.06.82	26.10.83
18	K-358, B-358 "Murmansk Komsomolets"	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01647	23.07.82	29.12.83
19	K-264, B-264	"named after Len.Koms." (Koms.-on-Amur) head No.-303	03.04.83	26.10.84
20	K-299, B-299	LAO (Leningrad) head No.-01649	01.07.82	22.12.84

Design of nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
Double-hull, two-shaft, nine-compartment,
Durable cylindrical body.
I compartment - torpedo
II compartment - battery
III compartment - central post
IV compartment - auxiliary equipment
V compartment - reactor
VI compartment - turbine
VII compartment - electric motor
VIII compartment - residential
IX compartment - ship systems - residential
I, III, VIII and IX shelter compartments have spherical bulkheads designed from the concavity side for a hydraulic pressure of 10 kgf/cm2.

Tactical and technical data of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
Shipbuilding elements
Lmax = 106.1 meters; Bmax = 10.6 meters; Tmax = 7.5 meters;
Wnp = 4,900 tons; Wpp = 6,280 tons; Salary = 28%
Personality = 320 meters; Npred. = 400 meters;
Operational-tactical elements:
Vnp = 10 knots; Vpp = 30 knots;
Dnp = miles; Dpp = miles (calculated) at 80% power.
Habitability and reserves:
Crew - 94 people; Autonomy - 80 days;
Regeneration reserves for - hours.

Drawing of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:

I - main antenna of SJSC "Skat-KS"; 2 - 533 mm TA; 3 - 650 mm TA; 4 - torpedo loading hatch; 5 - bow (torpedo) compartment; 6 - bow emergency buoy; 7 - bow hatch; 8 - fencing for spare torpedoes and fast loading devices; 9 - spare 533 mm torpedo; 10 - spare 650 mm torpedo;
II - bubble-free torpedo firing tank; 12 - bow trim tank; 13 - hardware enclosure for control devices for rocket and torpedo and torpedo firing "Ladoga 1V-671RT" and SJSC "Skat-KS"; 14 - AB; 15 - Central City Hospital; 16 - second (living) compartment; 17 - third (central post) compartment; 18 - antennas of SJSC "Skat-B"; 19 - navigation bridge; 20 - gyrocompass repeater; 21 - periscope of the MT-70-10 complex; 22 - PMU "Sintez" (space navigation systems); 23 - PMU antenna SORS "Zaliv-P"; 24 - PMU antenna of the Albatross radar; 25 - PMU antenna of the direction finder “Zavesa”; 26 - PMU antenna “Anis” (KSS “Molniya-L”); 27 - durable cabin; 28 - central post; 29 - enclosures for radio-electronic weapons and acoustics; 30 - baffles for auxiliary equipment and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps of the ship’s general hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners); 31 - fourth (reactor) compartment; 32 - reactor with steam generators, circulation pumps and biological protection tanks; 33 - VVABT “Paravan” and its winch; 34 - fifth (turbine) compartment; 35 - steam turbine; 36 - planetary gearbox; 37 - main thrust bearing; 38 - capacitor; 39 - cylinders of the VVD system; 40 - sixth (electromechanical and auxiliary equipment) compartment; 41 - aft hatch; 42 - stern emergency buoy; 43 - seventh (living) compartment; 44 - eighth (propeller and steering gears) compartment; 45 - aft trim tank; 46 - drives of horizontal rudders; 47 - vertical stabilizers; 48 - gondola of UPV “Ruza-P” GPBA SJSC “Skat-KS”; 49 - ATG; 50 - drives of the stern horizontal rudders; 51 - VFT (auxiliary propulsors).

BIUS "Omnibus"
KSUS "Acacia"

Navigation weapons of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
Navigation complex "Medveditsa-RTM"
periscope PZNG-10M

Radar weapons of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
RLK "Cascade" (MRK-500) with the attachment "Korma" (MRK-57)
SORS "Zaliv-P" (MRP-21 A)

Hydroacoustic weapons of the nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
SJSC "Skat-KS" (MGK-500) or "Skat-2M" (MGK-500)

Communication facilities of nuclear submarine pr.671RTM:
Radio communication complex - "Molniya-L"
Special communication system - “Tsunami-BM”

Power plant of nuclear submarine pr.671RTM: Single-shaft, double-breasted, 7-blade fixed-pitch propeller.
2 pressurized water nuclear reactors VM-4A with a total thermal power of 144 MW;
1 steam production unit OK-300
1 main turbo gear unit GTZA-615 31,000 hp
2 autonomous turbogenerators of 2,000 kW each
2 groups of lead-acid batteries type 426-11
2 diesel generators of 460 kW each;
2 auxiliary propeller motors with fixed pitch propellers, 375 kW each.
Television complex - MT-70-10

As one of the steps in the global reduction of offensive weapons, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev proposed withdrawing strategic submarine cruisers from the Atlantic. US President Ronald Reagan categorically rejected the initiative of the Soviet leader, considering them the main trump card of the United States in the confrontation between two political systems.

On May 22, 1985, five ships simultaneously left Zapadnaya Litsa Bay. nuclear submarines project 671. Their task was to discover the locations of American strategic submarines. In addition, Soviet submariners had to show the United States their capabilities. For two weeks Soviet submarines uncovered dozens of combat patrol sites of American missile carriers. In real combat, this would mean the immediate death of enemy ships. As a result of this operation of the Soviet navy, the myth of the invulnerability of US submarines was dispelled. Six months after Operation Aport, on November 20, 1985, in Geneva, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev signed a treaty on the unacceptability of the use of nuclear weapons, which became the first step towards ending the Cold War.

Nomadic missile submarines under a hidden layer of ice they were practically invulnerable carriers of nuclear weapons. American strategic submarines were supposed to hold the largest cities of the USSR: Moscow, Murmansk, Leningrad and Sevastopol under the constant threat of a missile attack. It was to combat it that the Leningrad Design Bureau “Malachite” was developed nuclear submarine project 671 " Ruff" Soon events in the world showed that the need for ships of this class was greater than it seemed during design.

Soviet submarines of project 671 "Ruff" the need for

On October 22, 1962, millions of Americans sat in front of their television and radio receivers. President Kennedy announced the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. To stop the aggressive build-up of this power, a strict quarantine was introduced. In response to the naval blockade of Cuba, Khrushchev ordered the USSR Minister of Defense Malinovsky to rush to a breakthrough Soviet submarines. Four diesel submarines came to the shores of Liberty Island, whose commanders had the right to attack the American fleet in case of interception. For reinforcement, the submarines were even loaded with one nuclear torpedo. But 1000 miles from Cuba, still on the way to the Sargasso Sea, unexpectedly Soviet submarines were discovered by the Americans. Domestic submarines they tried to evade using the latest tactical developments, but it was all in vain. Their crews even suspected that a spy had settled in the main headquarters of the Navy, not knowing that in fact the latest American underwater surveillance system was used against them for the first time." Sosus" It consisted of sensitive hydrophones located in strategically important areas of the world's oceans. Having discovered diesel submarines, which vitally needed to surface, the Americans began to drive them, not allowing them to rise to the surface, while explosive packages and grenades were continuously dropped on them. The temperature in the compartments rose to 50 degrees. Submariners fainted from the heat and lack of oxygen. Finally, on October 26, in full view of the Americans, she was forced to surface first submarine"B-130". In a last desperate gesture, the Soviet crew unfurled the USSR flag, and a few minutes later a deadly encryption message was broadcast: “Forced to surface. Surrounded by four US destroyers. I have faulty diesel engines and a completely discharged battery. I'm trying to repair one of the diesels. I'm waiting for instructions."

Over the course of several hours, the Navy headquarters received several more similar messages from Soviet submarines thrown to break the American blockade. The military campaign, unprecedented in its courage and adventurism, ended in failure. Due to the short range of their missiles, domestic submarines had to literally break through the powerful US naval defenses. To protect strategic submarines, a powerful cover was needed that could protect well from any threat. Thus, the designers of the Malachite Design Bureau were faced with the most difficult task of creating, in essence, an “underwater fighter” capable of equally successfully hunting the enemy and protecting their own missile carriers. The main advantages of the new submarine were to be speed, depth and maneuverability. In the design of the submarine, everything was subordinated to achieving these qualities, even the streamlined shape, reminiscent of sea predators.

In 1963, the US Navy entered service submarines class " Lafayette" These were new specially designed missile carriers. US submarines « Lafayette"had such low noise that Soviet sonars detected them several kilometers away. Soviet submarine « Ruff"with such equipment could have turned out to be outdated even before its birth, then changes were urgently made to the design - instead of the Kerch hydroacoustic complex, a powerful Rubin was installed, capable of detecting a target at a distance of up to 60 kilometers. But then the next problem appeared. New sonar located in the bow nuclear submarine had a larger size. Therefore, the designers had to rack their brains to find a place to place the torpedo tubes. Several options for placing torpedo tubes were worked out. Finally, the designers managed to find a successful solution; the devices were installed in the bow above the hydroacoustic hull. Due to lack of space, it was necessary to create a completely automated process for loading and loading torpedoes. This was the first time such a scheme was used in domestic shipbuilding. Work on first submarine It was very stressful.

In 1966, to the plant where it was built submarine« Ruff“The crew arrived to speed up the work and master the ship. And then the solemn moment of launching came. According to a long-standing maritime tradition, a bottle of champagne was to be broken on the side of the ship by a woman chosen from among the engineers. When the bottle was broken and the technological channel began to fill with water, the girl suddenly became confused. She was saved by the navigator, who carried her out in his arms. The next day, he and a friend came to her with a marriage proposal, to which the girl gave positive consent. This incident was considered a good sign and they turned out to be right - over the 30 years of its existence submarine project there was not a single accident involving the loss of life. In 1967, on the lead submarine of the " Ruff“The reactor was launched and the submarine went to the place of combat duty.

Compared to American submarines similar class " Ruff"had a high speed and immersion depth. New torpedo tubes made it possible to fire from almost the maximum depths for American submarines. Project 671 submarine according to NATO classification it was called “ Victor", What means " winner».

Project 671 nuclear submarine "Ruff"

Technical characteristics of the Project 671 nuclear submarine “Ruff” (“Victor I”):
Length - 95 m;
Width - 11.7 m;
Draft - 7.3 m;
Displacement - 6085 tons;
Immersion depth - 320 m;
Marine propulsion system
Speed ​​- 32 knots;
Crew - 94 people;
Autonomy - 50 days;
Weapons:

Mines - 36;
Missiles "SS-N-15" - 2;

Project 671 nuclear submarine "Ruff"

The almost simultaneous appearance of " underwater hunters"and powerful strategic submarines led to a new round of confrontation at sea. By the beginning of the 70s, the United States, using an improved system " Sosus" controlled almost 40 percent of the Antarctic ocean. At the control center in Norfolk, computers stored hundreds of sound portraits of Soviet submarines in memory and could identify a trace even among the noise coming from civilian ships. Now the interception tactics have also changed. The Americans were in no hurry to show what they had discovered nuclear submarine, preferring to follow them secretly. Specialized US anti-submarine submarines, being much less noisy, sometimes hung on the tail of Soviet missile submarines for days. Even just finding someone being followed was considered good luck. Nuclear submarines class " Ruff"turned out to be the most effective in breaking through anti-submarine lines. Like all Soviet submarines, compared to American ones, they were noisy, but thanks to their high performance and speed, they evaded pursuit more often than others.

nuclear submarines of project 671 RT "Salmon" history of appearance

In 1971, all strategic US submarines underwent another modernization related to weapons. In addition to new missiles with a separating warhead, they were equipped with powerful anti-submarine and long-range weapons, which were not accidentally called “torpedo missiles.” After leaving submarine The “rocket-torpedo” moved for some time like an ordinary torpedo, then came out of the water and flew to a certain area like a rocket; at the calculated point of the trajectory, the warhead was separated from it, which exploded at a given depth. The new weapon was significantly more accurate and long-range compared to conventional torpedoes. The domestic situation has developed hunter submarine« Ruff” she herself found herself in the role of game. Once again, the designers had to catch up and bypass the potential enemy. And already on December 30, 1972, the modernized nuclear submarine of Project 671 RT, code “ Salmon" For those initiated, the RT index meant that the submarine had received the latest missile system. Snowstorm"(RPK-2) with a firing range of up to 40 km, 533 mm caliber and a nuclear warhead. The warhead of the complex made it possible to hit enemy submarines located within a radius of several kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion. In addition, the submarine's armament Salmon“In addition to the four conventional ones, two 650 mm torpedo tubes with high-power long-range torpedoes were installed. This forced us to strengthen US aircraft carrier groups with new anti-submarine weapons. To accommodate the increased combat reserve the front part nuclear submarine lengthened by one compartment, which allowed the designers to pay more attention to the comfort of the crew. Submarine noise " Salmon" decreased by more than five times, but it soon turned out that this was not enough.

In 1975, the defense department of the Central Committee urgently convened a meeting with leading specialists from design bureaus for a meeting. Arriving at the main institute named after Krylov, the designers were surprised to see the prosecutor, and the topic of discussion was an official complaint from an officer of the Navy control and reception apparatus. In his opinion, the high noise level of Soviet submarines was a planned act of sabotage. The designers had to defend themselves. After the meeting, the designers promised to consider all options to reduce the noise of submarines. On one of the submarines " Salmon"We began to conduct experiments. Soon a noise reduction scheme was developed, which subsequently began to be implemented during the construction of subsequent Soviet submarines. Its essence was that the main source of noise, the turbine and turbogenerators, were placed by specialists from the Malachite Design Bureau inside a special frame, which was placed on shock absorbers to enhance the effect. The first voyage of a nuclear submarine caused a stir in the Atlantic, where the Americans felt like full masters.

nuclear submarine of project 671 RT "Salmon"

Technical characteristics of the Project 671 RT nuclear submarine “Salmon” (“Victor II”):
Length - 102 m;
Width - 10 m;
Draft - 7 m;
Displacement - 5800 tons;
Immersion depth - 350 m;
Marine propulsion system- nuclear, turbine power 30,000 hp. With.;
Speed ​​- 30.5 knots
Autonomy - 60 days;
Crew - 100 people;
Weapons:
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 6;
Mines - 36;
Torpedo tubes 650 mm - 4;
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 2;
Missiles "SS-N-16" - 2.

Soviet submarines of project 671 RDM "Pike" history

Only one had weapons equal in power to all the bombs dropped during the Second World War. At the same time, the US was building ship killers famous nuclear submarines. In addition to anti-submarine and anti-ship weapons, they carried high-precision cruise missiles. Tomahawk"to destroy important objects of the Soviet Union: missile silos and air defense system command posts. To combat such ships, submarines of a new quality were needed. But Soviet submarines The third generation was still being created and could not enter service until the mid-80s. The designers of the Malachite design bureau proposed an unexpected solution. Use a good design nuclear submarine« Salmon» to accommodate a new set of equipment and weapons. The chief designer was immediately called, and one day the decision was made to create this submarine. New