Current problems of state and municipal management lectures. Other current problems of state and municipal government

The economic growth. Contents, factors, indicators. The relationship between economic growth and social development. n n n - Economic growth is an increase in social production, expressed in an increase in the level and pace of development of the national economy, in increasing the economic potential of the country, and increasing national wealth. Economic growth is manifested in the growth and improvement of the structure of fixed assets. The general indicator of economic growth is: the growth rate of national income - its volume per capita; the amount of national wealth

Factors influencing the nature and rate of economic growth n Economic growth is determined by: n - quantity and quality of natural and labor resources n - volume of fixed capital n - innovations n - growth factors n demand factors

If we quantitatively correlate the contribution of various factors to economic growth, then n n n n we come to the conclusion that increasing labor productivity is the most important factor ensuring the growth of real product and income. - an increase in labor costs gives 32% - an increase in labor productivity - 68%, including innovation - 28% capital - 19% education - 14% improvement in resource allocation - 7% savings. due to the scale of production.

National wealth is the totality of available material values (social labor and natural resources of a given country), presented in monetary terms n The modern wealth of the country consists not only of natural resources, but also of the latest diverse knowledge, many of which are converted into technologies. At the same time, technology plays the most significant role in economic development. n

Mathematically, the importance of technology in economic development is expressed by Pelzer’s formula n W = PT where W is wealth P is resources, such as land, labor, minerals n T is technology n n is the degree of influence of technical achievements on them, i.e. technology as if multiplying itself, since each technical achievement creates the basis for the next. n n n

In the modern economy, there are two characteristics that allow an economy to be classified as an innovative type: the main increase (80% and above) in GDP is achieved through the use of intellectual potential and the production of high-tech products. n - the rate of increase in funding for fundamental research should exceed the rate of growth in the volume of purchases of high-tech technologies by industry. n

Categories of economic growth National income - value newly created in a given year in the sphere of material production; part of the national gross product that remains after deducting the consumed means of production n National gross product is a statistical indicator expressing the total value of final goods and services at market prices n

Main parameters of the Russian budget system in the period until 2020, by level of the budget system, assessment

Distinctive features of the federal budget for 2012 are: n a gradual decrease in federal budget revenues and expenditures in relation to GDP and an increase in social expenditures in various areas of the social sphere; n an increase in public debt and the volume of budgetary allocations allocated for its servicing; n a significant increase in government internal borrowings and funds from privatization to ensure financing of the federal budget deficit; n formation of the federal budget in the context of the beginning of the implementation of the Program of the Government of the Russian Federation to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures for the period until 2012 and taking into account the principles of program-targeted budget planning; n presentation of the analytical distribution of federal budget expenditures for 2011–2013 according to state programs

Main characteristics of the federal budget in 2010 -2013. (in %% of GDP) Surplus Deficit Revenue No. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1 Revenue 15, 5 17, 8 20, 4 19, 5 20, 1 2 3, 7 23, 3 23, 4 22, 4 18, 8 17, 4 17, 6 17, 0 16, 8 2 Expenses 14, 1 14, 8 19, 0 17, 8 15, 8 16, 3 15, 9 18, 0 18, 3 24, 7 22, 7 21, 2 20, 1 19, 7 3 Deficit/surplus 1, 4 3, 0 1, 4 1, 7 4, 3 7, 5 7, 4 5, 4 4, 1 - 5, 9 - 5, 3 -3, 6 -3, 1 -2, 9 4 Non-oil and gas deficit -1, 7 -1, 0 -2, 9 -3, 2 -1, 8 -2, 5 -3, 3 -6, 5 -13, 6 -13, 5 -11, 7 -10, 9 -10, 4

Federal budget deficit (as a percentage of GDP) No. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1. With an oil price of 70 dollars/barrel at constant prices - 4.0 2010 (71.1; 72.2; 73. 5) (in %% of GDP) - 3, 0 - 2, 0 - 1, 0 0 2. With an oil price of 75; 78; 79; 80, 5; 82 dollars/barrel in 2011 -2015 - 2.4 - 3.6 (in %% of GDP) - 1.5 - 0.5 3. Proposed version of the federal budget deficit (in %% of GDP) - 3.6 - 2, 9 - 1, 5 0 0, 6 including due to privatization - 3, 1 0, 5 0, 4 - 5, 6 - 5, 2 - 3, 7 - 2, 0 For reference: 4. At a price for oil 50 dollars/barrel in 2011 -2015 (to the third option) (as a percentage of GDP) - 6.1

The main distinctive feature of the 2012 budget is that it will be implemented under conditions of serious restrictions on government financial resources n Calculations have shown that a deficit-free budget can be achieved through oil and gas revenues if the price of oil in 2011-2013. will exceed $105 per barrel. This level cannot be considered “comfortable” from the point of view of macroeconomic security: there is a situation of increased risks of oil price volatility both for the formation of budget revenues and for the country’s economy as a whole. n In such a situation, not only the budget, but also the economy as a whole looks vulnerable

The second distinctive feature of the 2011 budget is the presence of an imbalance between the growing social obligations of the state and the reduction in the real capabilities of the economy. The consequence of this is an increase in public debt and the volume of budgetary allocations allocated for its servicing n The state's debt policy may face a number of risks. n First of all, these are the “risks of falling oil prices”. n Calculations carried out by the Accounts Chamber in the module for assessing and analyzing budgetary risks were carried out at the lower limit of oil prices at $60 per barrel, showing that the planned indicators for oil and gas revenues will only be met if oil prices are more than $71 per barrel. At a lower price, budget revenues are at risk and the volatility of key macroeconomic indicators aggravates this situation

Another specific feature of the 2011 budget is that it is designed to solve the modernization problems of the economy. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the “investment risks” of fiscal policy. The forecast provides for an increase in investment in fixed assets in 2011 - by 10%, in 2012 - by 3.5%, in 2013 - by 7.4% (in 2010, according to estimates - by 2.5%), which is not is quite consistent with the thesis about an increase in investment activity in the forecast. The share of investment in fixed assets in GDP increases from 19.5% in 2010 to 20.8% in 2011, 20.9% in 2012 and 21.9% in 2013. At the same time, the increase in investment volumes in 2010, 2012 and 2013 will occur mainly due to rising prices for investment products. The deflator index of investments in fixed capital in 2011 will be 108.2%, in 2012 - 108%, in 2013 - 107.9% (in 2010, according to estimates - 108.4%).

One of the priorities of Russia's strategic development is the formation of a public-private partnership system. The country's economy needs to attract extra-budgetary funds to modernize the economy, as well as the use of knowledge, skills, and abilities of private entrepreneurship for this activity. n It is the public-private partnership (PPP) model that allows us to solve the problems of creating, reconstructing and operating public property, as well as providing public services to the population n

The main forms of relations between the state and business, as a new social ideology n Public-private partnership of strategic partners is capable of providing them with an acceptable economic and social result, satisfying the overall state and public interest, minimizing risks (financial, production, management, etc.) It is partnership with private business will allow the authorities to attract additional resources, and primarily investments, to the public sector of the economy, alleviate the severity of budgetary problems, shift the bulk of the risks to the business sector and at the same time preserve public facilities in state ownership. n In such a system of relations, the resources and potentials of two economic entities are combined n

Crisis 1. A sharp turning point, a severe transitional state, an acute shortage, a lack of something n 2. A state when existing means (mechanisms) of achieving goals become inadequate, resulting in unpredictable situations and problems that require new thinking models to overcome. and actions n

An economic crisis is a process of decline in economic growth and the forced restoration of the basic proportions of reproduction that were disrupted during economic development. n The process of reproduction is a process of self-healing and self-renewal of biological and social systems. n Includes the reproduction of material goods, labor, industrial relations, social structure, social norms. values n

Socio-economic crisis n The economic crisis is manifested in an absolute decrease in production, relative overproduction, a reduction in capital investment, rising unemployment, violations of the monetary and monetary and financial systems, inflation n Phases of the crisis: - Crisis of overproduction - depression - stagnation Depression in the economy - phase of the capitalist cycle , coming after a crisis of overproduction, characterized by a stagnant state of the economy, weak demand for goods and low prices

Stages of a socio-economic crisis n n n Stagnation - stagnation or gradual decomposition of the system due to the lack of development factors Cyclicity of crises (Large and small Kondratieff cycles) Crises - local, regional, global (Large and small cycles of system development) Stages of crisis development: financial, real crisis economic sector, social

Corruption: concept, forms of manifestation and counteraction. n Anti-corruption issues are a national priority of modern government policy. n 2008, the Federal Law “On Combating Corruption” was adopted

Ensuring the effectiveness of the public administration system is possible only if corruption is radically eradicated in all spheres of activity of the state and society. Unfortunately, all attempts to form an effective anti-corruption system have currently failed. n The system of privileges that existed in the Soviet Union was replaced in the conditions of the new Russia in the relationships between government officials on the one hand and private individuals and entrepreneurs on the other with direct cash payments. n

At the same time, the level of corruption has increased significantly. The abundance of laws, legal acts, instructions, abuse of discretionary powers by officials, weakness of the legal and judicial system - all this currently creates high administrative barriers that scare away both foreign and domestic investors. n At the same time, the pressure on enterprises in certain regions from local regulatory authorities does not decrease, but increases. n Currently, the moral corruption of a significant part of civil servants, including the central apparatus, has become an ingrained norm. n

Russia based on the report of the International Anti-Corruption Committee (2010) n n n One of the most corrupt countries in the world. Annual losses from corruption – 40 billion rubles. per year, this is 60% of the federal budget Ranks 1st in the number of billionaires prosecuted by law enforcement agencies 134th in the world in life expectancy 97 in per capita income 1st in the world in absolute value of population decline 2nd in the world in the number of suicides 57 - in quality of life 2nd place in the number of prisoners per 1000 population 2nd place in the world in the distribution of counterfeit medicines 1st place in the number of plane accidents 1st place in the number of children smoking 1st place in sales of strong alcohol

Corruption: concept, forms of manifestation and counteraction. n n n n Among the causes of internal corruption, researchers include: -low pay for civil servants; - opacity of their activities; -weak control over subordinates; - unprofessionalism of civil servants - excessive procedural complexity, procedural freedoms; -lack of indicators for measuring performance results

The problem of corruption has many aspects n n n not the perfection and inconsistency of Russian legislation; - lack of an effective system of state and public control; - lack of principles of administrative ethics; - lack of transparency in decision-making, openness, etc. According to the annual report (2007) of the Center for Anti-Corruption Research and Initiatives, in terms of the level of corruption, Russia is in 147th place out of 180 designated places.

Anti-corruption system n n n The main content of the system is traditional measures to limit corruption by strengthening control. Among them: - careful regulation of conflicts of interest - a system of personnel selection based on merit - detailed regulation of the activities of officials. The job regulations, containing the requirements for the official, his official rights and responsibilities, should become the “main normative act” regulating the activities of the civil servant. - rotation, . which is carried out by transferring employees from one position to another within one government agency or transferring from one government agency to another - both at the federal and regional levels.

Measures that do not involve tightening control over officials, but changing the system of incentives to increase the effectiveness of their actions. Among them: n Increase in wages. the salary of civil servants must be correlated in the labor market with the wages of workers of the corresponding specialty and qualifications of the commercial sector

Comparative data on anti-corruption mechanisms Anti-corruption mechanism Concept of civil service reform Law “On the State Civil Service in the Russian Federation” Rotation + - Competitive selection + + Performance appraisal and performance-based pay + - official disclosures - - implementation of job regulations + + conflict of interest regulation + + cross-sector balance in wages (wages in accordance with wages in business) + -

Federal Law “On Anti-Corruption” » . New measures to combat corruption n n n n “- declarations of personal savings will be provided not only by civil servants themselves. but also their close relatives: wife and minor children; - officials at all levels are required to report all cases of bribery known to them; -a two-year ban is introduced for officials to hold positions in companies with which they were associated through service; - the official will not have the right to rest or go on business trips at the expense of the companies that he supervises on duty; -officials cannot receive gifts worth more than 5,000 rubles. (previously – no more than 500 rubles); - judges and employees of the prosecutor's office and investigative bodies are prohibited from participating in politics - joining the party, supporting them ideologically and financially. - punishment for political corruption is introduced - forgery of voters' signatures, obstruction of their will.

Social politics. n This is a system (set) of measures (actions, measures) of government influence aimed at regulating the entire complex of social processes and relations between people.

Social politics. n This is a system of interaction and relationships between social groups of society for the livelihoods of the population, increasing the level and quality of life. Department of Labor and Social Policy of the Civil Registry of Civil Registry

Subjects and levels of social policy n State (state social policy) n Subjects of the Russian Federation, regions (regional social policy) n Local governments, municipal structures (municipal social policy) n Enterprises and organizations (corporate social policy)

Interrelation and interdependence of social policy, social development and economics n Fisher's formula n M x V=Q x P, Where: M is the volume of money supply in the country; V - speed of money supply turnover; Q – volume of goods and services P – average price of goods and services

Interrelation and interdependence of the economic and social block n n Economy Economic policy n n economic growth n Social and labor sphere Social policy n improving the quality of life

Priorities of social policy of the Russian Federation n n n Increasing incomes and reducing poverty Reforming the housing sector, housing and communal services Pension reform Modernizing the education system Reforming the healthcare system Improving the quality of life of the population

Types of social policy n n SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE (SOCIAL FORMATIONS) SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIETIES IN SYSTEMIC CRISES SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIETIES IN A STATE OF DEFORMATION (PERMANENT CRISES) PUBLIC SYSTEM) SOCIAL POLICY - IN SOCIETIES EMERGING FROM A SYSTEMIC CRISIS THROUGH GREAT REFORM , I.E. SOCIAL POLICY OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD

SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE SOCIETIES (SOCIAL FORMATIONS) n STABLE ORDER OF RELATIONS OF THE IMPORTANT SOCIAL GROUPS (AND CLASSES) n EDUCATION OF SIGNIFICANT CLASSES MORE OR LESS SATISFIED WITH THEIR SOCIAL SEX GENESIS (OFTEN THEY ARE CALLED THE MIDDLE CLASS) n BALANCE OF THE GENERAL CLASS INTERESTS OF THE RULE CLASS AND THE INTERESTS OF ITS INDIVIDUAL PARTS (SUBORDERING THE INTERESTS OF PARTS TO THE GENERAL CLASS INTERESTS)

SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE SOCIETIES (PUBLIC FORMATIONS) n ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING THE SYSTEM OF WORLD SOCIAL EXISTENCE OF THE DOMINANT AND SUBJECT CLASSES n WEAKENING THE FEELING OF SOCIAL INJUSTICE, REDUCING THE INFLUENCE I OF PROTEST, REFORMIST AND ESPECIALLY REVOLUTIONARY IDEOLOGIES, THE WEAKENING AND DECLINE OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, PROTEST AND LIBERATION MOVEMENTS. AT THE SAME TIME, IDEOLOGIES OF SOCIAL-REFORMIST AND SOCIAL-PARTNERSHIP PERSPECTIVES ARE SPREADING.

SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIETIES IN SYSTEMIC CRISES n ACTIVATING PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS IN MANY SOCIAL GROUPS n FORMULATION OF SOCIAL GROUP INTERESTS AND REQUIREMENTS, FORMATION (OR RENEWAL, LINK TO TOPICAL TASKS) OF SOCIAL GROUP IDEOLOGIES, FORMATION OF SOCIAL GROUP SUBJECTS - REPRESENTATIVES (ORGANIZATIONS, MOVEMENTS , PARTIES, POLITICAL UNIONS AND COALITIONS)

SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIETIES IN SYSTEMIC CRISES n INCREASING CRITICAL ATTITUDE TO THE ESTABLISHED SOCIAL ORDERS AND ALARMATION IN RELATION TO THEM n PROMOTION OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PVO DU RADICAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF CLASSES AND NUMEROUS SOCIAL REFORMES, I.E. ESSENTIALLY DEMANDS FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REFORM

Social processes n all processes in which two people enter are already considered social n theoretically and practically all processes in society are social n So we must limit ourselves to processes. that occur in the social and labor sphere

Social processes n Changes in the states of the social system, social relations, types and forms of social activity, a set of unidirectional and repeated actions isolated from many other social actions, any repeating model of social interactions (conflict, differentiation, social coherence

Social development A type of development that includes: - progressive development of social interaction based on the law of increasing social needs - indefinite development (sociosynergetics deals with the study of this type of development). This process cannot be assessed from the perspective of “progress-regression” - reverse social development n

A social revolution is a radical, sharp qualitative revolution in the entire social structure of society; a way of transition from one form of socio-political structure to another form. n Social revolutions are divided into: anti-imperialist, anti-colonial, national liberation, bourgeois and bourgeois-democratic, popular and people's democratic, socialist, etc. n Social explosion - mass (armed) uprisings of significant social groups of the population against the existing order (against the authorities). n

Social evolution is the process of progressive development of society and its elements from the simplest to complex forms. n Social change is the transition of a social object from one state to another. Social changes are: - modifications in the social organization of society; - modifications in social institutions and social structure; - modifications in established social behavior patterns, etc. n

Standard of living Level of consumption of material and spiritual goods in comparison with historically determined standards of consumption n UN documents note that the standard of living is defined as the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population, provided by the mass of goods and services used per unit of time n

Main components of standard of living n n n n n Health Clothing Housing Education Cultural development Health Working conditions Social conditions Environment

Quality of life n n Determines the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the entire complex of people’s needs. Assessment of the quality of life has two forms: The degree of satisfaction of scientifically based needs and interests. Satisfaction with the quality of life of the people themselves.

Social and labor sphere n n - STS - social and labor sphere is the basis of the social policy of the state and the social development of the municipality STS characterizes the degree of social development of the state and the municipality; reflects the unity and interdependence of labor and social relations; Reflects all phases of the reproduction of the labor force and its social support

Main blocks of the STS n n n n Social sphere (education, culture, healthcare, social protection, sports, tourism, housing and communal services sector) Labor market, employment, unemployment and the system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel Social partnership Social protection Social insurance Sphere of motivation for productive labor (organization of remuneration, labor protection,) Pension system Stabilization of living standards

Modernization of the social and labor sphere Development of a strategy for the socio-economic development of Russia until 2020 Goal - Improving the quality of life of the population n - Reducing poverty, social stratification of the population. - Increasing the social responsibility of the state and business - Reforming the housing sector, housing and communal services - Pension reform - Modernizing the education system - Reforming the healthcare system

Modernization of the social and labor sphere n Beginning of modernization - implementation of National projects “Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens” “Education” “Healthcare” “Development of the agro-industrial complex”

Results of the implementation of the NP through the eyes of the population. VTsIOM polls assessed the modernization of the housing sector negatively - 78%. Agriculture -74%. -Healthcare - 67%. -education -53% of the population. NP assessment: - Propaganda campaign - 16% - a fundamentally new program aimed at improving the quality of life of the country's population - 20% - ordinary programs for solving long-standing problems - 44% To the question “do YOU know about the implementation of the NP”: 11% of respondents answered in the affirmative answer, 56% heard something, 29% heard nothing, 4% found it difficult to answer. n

Social market economy n Goal - increased efficiency and profit n Criteria - social justice, social protection, social responsibility of business

Approximate diagram of a social market economy priority of social justice over economic efficiency n Redistribution of taxes State regulation of the economy and social and labor relations 1. Legal regulation of social and labor relations 2. Regulation of incomes of the population 3. Providing social protection 4. Regulation of the labor market and employment 5. Labor protection etc. n

Social state of the 19th century. – the concept of “social state” in the philosophical works of Hegel n Attempts to define the principles of: - fair distribution of income between labor and capital - Ensuring freedom and equality of citizens - - ensuring fair solidarity of society and care of the haves for the have-nots and those not working n

Welfare State n The economic theory of the welfare state arose after the Second World War and involves the implementation of reasonable policies in the field of taxation, credit, investment, antimonopoly and customs legislation, financing of social sectors and programs. The social state creates a legal field, establishes rules of behavior on it, mechanisms for functioning and monitoring the achievement of the following goals:

The goals of building a social state in the Russian Federation are n n n development and sustainable operation of the domestic market economy, ensuring economic security for the country; real participation of citizens in production management, public and state life; implementation of tariff policy in the interests of the employer and employee; social protection and support for those in need; pursuing a policy of fair distribution of income, social solidarity of citizens; active social policy and social partnership.

Welfare state n n n 1949 - the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany proclaimed Germany a social state 1958 - France proclaimed the country a social republic 1978 - Spain 70 years - Norway, Sweden, Italy 90 years most countries of Eastern Europe Russian Federation - welfare state, politics which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people (Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)

Principles of the welfare state The principle of human economic freedom and recognition of the right of entrepreneurs and their associations, wage earners and their trade unions to tariff autonomy on the basis of social partnership n The principle of trust in the regulatory role of the market through supply and demand, pricing and competition n The principle of state responsibility for the game of market strength and creation of conditions for streamlining the flow of economic and social life aimed at ensuring the well-being of its citizens n

Principles of the welfare state The principle of social justice and solidarity of society, including through tax redistribution of income from the rich to the poor and the employment of those able to work to help those who are already or not yet able to work n The principle of participation of workers in production management and distribution in public and state life, while developing various forms of economic democracy n

Social development is a type of social progress in which each subsequent state of the social system is more preferable, and each subsequent structure of it is no less preferable, i.e. in which the life activity of the entire society is steadily improving: the conditions, level, quality of life of all social groups, its improvement social structure

Social degradation is a type of social progress in which each subsequent state of the social system is less preferable, and each subsequent structure is no more preferable, i.e. in which the life activity of the majority of society is steadily deteriorating: conditions, level, quality of life of certain social groups

Social state n Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people.

Demographic imperative n Russia has 40% of the world's energy reserves. However, only 142 million people live in it. Human. n The population density is 10 times less than in Asia, but the mortality rate is 65% higher than in Europe. n In 2005, 2.3 million people died. , in 2006 -2.1 million, in 2007 - 2 million. 2008 - a small population was noted. Every year the population decreases by 900 thousand people. (at working age - 700 thousand) n Since 1992, the population of Russia has decreased by 10 million people (taking into account the birth rate and migration flows) n During this period, the country has lost 12 million people from natural decline.

Demographic imperative n n n The generation of children does not replace the generation of parents. Half of Russian families do not have children. Seven million of these families are unable to have children due to vital indicators. Less than a third of children are born completely healthy, every seventh child is raised in a single-parent family, and every third child is born out of wedlock.

The problem of preserving the nation is the main task. 35 thousand die in car accidents, the same number from alcohol poisoning, 8 thousand from fires, 17 thousand drown, 70 thousand go missing every year. n By 2015 there will be 10 million people with disabilities. n n In 50 years there will be 101 million of us (according to UN estimates) At the same time, by the middle of the century in Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Iraq, the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, the population will reach 1 billion people. n In China - 2 billion 359 million. n

The main features of the current demographic situation in the Vladimir region: Low birth rate, widespread proliferation of one-child families that do not ensure the reproduction of the population, deterioration in the reproductive health of the population. n High mortality, especially the mortality of men of working age as a result of accidents, poisoning and injuries. n Decrease in migration growth. n

Structure of cash income formation in the Vladimir region Fig. The structure of the formation of monetary incomes of the population of the Vladimir region in 209 -2010. , % other income 11% income from business activities 8% wages, including social payments 51% income from property 3% social transfers 27%

The rate of population decline in the Vladimir region, the Central Federal District and Russia in 1990-2007. , %, as of January 1, 1990 level = 100% 101% 100% 99, 6% 97, 9% 99, 3% 98, 8% 98, 6% 98, 1% 97, 5% 96, 9% 96 , 2% 96, 3% 95, 2% 95% 92, 1% 94, 2% 93, 0% 93% 91, 9% 90, 9% 89, 9% 91% 89, 0% 88, 2% 87 % 89% 1991 1992 1993 Russian Federation 1994 1995 Central Federal District 1996 1997 1998 1999 Central Federal District without Moscow 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Vladimir region 2005 2006 2007

Social state. Maximum satisfaction of the constantly growing material and spiritual needs of a person, increasing the level and quality of life of the population, reducing social inequality, ensuring universal availability of social benefits n a state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions. Ensuring a decent life and free human development

General objectives of social development n n n Improving the social status of the population through a system of increasing incomes and reducing social differentiation Reducing poverty Increasing social minimum standards Strengthening the social personal security of citizens Social assistance and social support by the state for vulnerable and low-income groups of the population, pensioners, disabled people, veterans

Priorities for the medium term n n n n Ensuring the growth of monetary incomes of the population and reducing their differentiation based on increasing wages, increasing the share of wages in the gross domestic product Reducing social and economic poverty Increasing investment in people (education, healthcare) and ensuring universal accessibility and quality of social benefits Modernization of social infrastructure Ensuring a balance of supply and demand in the labor market Strengthening the insurance principles of social protection of the population and creating an effective system for protecting socially vulnerable segments of the population Modernization of the housing and communal services sector, development of transport infrastructure and communications Stabilization of the demographic situation

The main goal of the region’s development strategy is to consistently improve the quality of life of the population and create a comfortable social environment. (from the report of the Governor of the Vladimir Region N.V. Vinogradov)

Dynamics of regional budget expenditures on social sectors in 2008 -2010. n education – growth by 65.1% n culture – growth by 56% n healthcare – growth by 73.3% n sports – growth by 56.2% n social policy – growth by n 37.2%

Forecast for the development of the demographic situation in the Vladimir region until 2011 n n stopping the decline, stabilizing the region's population at a level of at least 1.42 million people by 2011, creating conditions for its further growth; increasing the total fertility rate to the level of 10 -11; reducing infant mortality to 8 - 9 per 1000 live births; increasing life expectancy to 65 years;

Characteristics of the consumer market of the Vladimir region n n n In a crisis, the level of commodity saturation is decreasing. The range of non-food products, especially imported goods, is narrowing. The population's demand for expensive goods and durable goods is decreasing. The demand for cheap goods and essential goods is growing; a high level of competition remains

Characteristics of the consumer market of the Vladimir region n The average wage level in the Vladimir region is higher than in the Ivanovo, Bryansk, Oryol, Tambov, and Voronezh regions, but significantly lower than the level of the leading regions of the Central Federal District. n In terms of average per capita income, the Vladimir region ranks 17th. The gap in income levels between the Vladimir region and the neighboring Moscow region is more than 50%, with Moscow - 6 times. This situation stimulates the outflow of part of the workforce from the territory under consideration to the Moscow region.

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis The monetary income of the population in 2008 decreased by 5% (in 2007 it increased by 20.3%), cash expenses, accordingly, decreased by 10.5%. (in 2007 they increased by 15.4%). In 2009, there was a further decline in income and expenditure of the population. n The budget deficit in 2009 was about 8% of GDP, revenues dropped to 6.5 trillion rubles. n

STS, in the context of the socio-economic crisis in wages, from December 1, 2008, federal medical and educational institutions and other budgetary organizations switched to a new wage system. At the same time, the total wage fund in the federal budget network increased by 30%. n About unemployment n from January 1, 2009, the maximum amount of unemployment benefits has been increased by 1.5 thousand rubles. in addition to its indexation by 8.5%. That is, the maximum amount of unemployment benefits from January 1, 2009 was 4,900 rubles. n

STS in conditions of socio-economic crisis Anti-crisis measures are conventionally divided into four groups. n The first includes measures to improve the banking system and financial sector, including mechanisms to stimulate lending to the real sector of the economy. n

STS in conditions of socio-economic crisis n The second group includes mechanisms to support the labor market and reduce social tension. n The third group includes measures to increase demand for products in certain sectors of the economy, including by improving the government procurement system, n The fourth group includes measures to strengthen the position of the real sector of the economy.

STS in conditions of socio-economic crisis n. About pensions In 2010, the size of the labor pension increased by more than 1.5 times compared to the level of 2008 and will amount to 2.5 times the living wage of a pensioner. In the region today the minimum subsistence level for a pensioner is RUB 3,787.

STS in conditions of socio-economic crisis n n n n In the region: in 2006, the average pension was 3306 rubles. as of January 1, 2009 - 4659 rubles. In 2009, the average pension increased by 1,200 rubles. and amounted to about 6,000 rubles. Military personnel now receive a second insurance pension. Since 2009, the wives of military personnel have been included in their length of service for the years that they did not work, but were on business trips with their husbands. (if this time does not exceed 5 years of work experience) From January 1, 2009, the pensions of those who earned their work experience before 2002 were indexed by 10%. For those who earned their work experience before 1991, the indexation was carried out by another 1%. Citizens who will begin to form their pension savings after 2010, with 30 years of experience, will be able to count on a pension in the amount of at least 40% of the EARNINGS FROM WHICH CONTRIBUTIONS WERE PAID

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis About housing n The state bought over 80 thousand ready-made apartments on the market (an additional 83 billion rubles were allocated for these purposes). n The size of the tax deduction for the purchase of housing (worth more than 2 million rubles) for the purchase of housing has been doubled since January 1, 2008 from 130 thousand to 260 thousand rubles.

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis About housing n A system is being introduced that will reduce the waiting time for construction permits in Russia. True, today there is little need to talk about the particular relevance of this measure, because most construction projects are frozen at various stages of readiness, not to mention the implementation of new projects.

STS, in the context of the socio-economic crisis, the State Duma adopted amendments to the Law “On additional measures of state support for families with children”, allowing the use of maternity capital funds to improve housing conditions from January 1, 2009. The law covers those families who entered into mortgage agreements before December 31, 2010. n

STS in the context of a socio-economic crisis The opportunity to use maternity capital funds to repay the principal debt or pay interest on loans and borrowings will be provided regardless of the period that has passed since the birth or adoption of the second and subsequent children. n In addition, from now on, men will be able to manage maternity capital funds to pay mortgage loans. Corresponding changes have been made to the rules for allocating maternity capital funds to improve housing conditions, according to which the opportunity to use maternity capital funds will be available to a person who has received a certificate, as well as a person who is in a registered marriage with him. n

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis n The Government of the Russian Federation is considering additional measures to support the mortgage lending system. In addition to the steps taken by the Housing Mortgage Lending Agency, the Central Bank is initiating the creation of a special organization with state participation that will purchase housing pledged by banks for mortgage loans. n AHML itself carried out the first three pilot restructurings of problem mortgage loans in Novgorod, Samara and Saratov. All three borrowers had their payment schedules changed and were provided with stabilization loans that will allow them to repay the banks within a year.

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis State Duma deputies are making a new attempt to introduce irrevocable deposits into Russian banking practice to revive mortgages. The main condition for opening a deposit is that the depositor will have to use the accumulated funds as a down payment on the purchase of a home, and the bank will have to provide the remaining amount as a loan. n According to the document’s developer, A. Aksakov, the introduction of a new product will allow the bank to attract additional liquidity for a long period. n

In the context of the socio-economic crisis, STS is ready to provide guarantees to banks to refinance mortgages from the Central Bank. However, banks that issued mortgages in foreign currency, without a down payment, as well as loans that were too large and risky, will not be able to take advantage of the new scheme. The planned volume of guarantees that AHML is ready to issue to banks for refinancing with the Central Bank is about 500 billion rubles. n

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis The standard cost of one square meter of housing in Russia for 2010 was set at 26.5 thousand rubles. n It is used to calculate the amount of subsidies provided to home buyers through government housing certificates. n In addition, the average market value of housing determined by the Ministry of Regional Development is used as the maximum price set for auctions for the purchase of housing from developers for the social needs of the state. n

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis n The Bank of Russia proposed creating a special organization with the participation of the state, which will purchase housing pledged by banks for mortgage loans. It is assumed that borrowers will be able to continue to live in apartments or houses that have been transferred to the balance of the state structure, but will be required to pay rent. n Rent rates have not yet been determined, but experts suggest that they will be below market and not much higher than utility bills. The creation of a special government agency that will deal with problem loans of citizens will become relevant this spring.

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis On tax cuts n To reduce the fiscal burden on small business regions, the right to reduce the rate by 10 points, to 5% n Since 2009, the procedure for calculating VAT on advance payments has been optimized n since 2010, the amount of depreciation bonuses has been increased up to 30% (faster write-off of equipment will be encouraged by a premium (i.e. no tax will be charged) - this is an innovative approach). Depreciation bonus is an incentive to renew fixed assets. n Tax services have been proposed to radically reduce the period for VAT refunds. The income tax rate has been reduced since January 1, 2009. The price of the issue is over 400 billion rubles. , which will remain in the real sector. (Changes to the Tax Code).

STS in the context of a socio-economic crisis On support for the defense industry It is proposed to increase interest rate subsidies, increase investment in the capital of enterprises and allocate additional funds to prevent bankruptcy of defense plants; the total amount of resources allocated for these purposes is more than 50 billion rubles. n About small business. Through the Development Bank, 83 billion rubles were allocated to support small businesses in 2010. , which is 21 billion rubles. more than planned (for lending, subsidizing interest rates, for developing small business infrastructure) for grants, training programs. n

STS in conditions of socio-economic crisis n. About labor productivity It is necessary to increase labor productivity in key industries by three to four times, to raise the share of innovative products in total production from the current 5% to 30-35% Reduce the energy intensity of products by no less than 45%

STS in the context of the socio-economic crisis About banks and loans Transition to a significant strengthening of the entire banking system. Long-term money should appear. It is important. n Expand the practice of commercial banks purchasing bonds of the largest domestic companies. n Expand lending to domestic companies and enterprises almost entirely from our own financial resources. n As part of the stabilization package, about 5 trillion was allocated. rub. to ensure liquidity and stability of the banking system n Strict control to ensure that allocated resources reach the real sector. , and were not spent on financial pyramids. n Transition of the banking sector to microcredit.

Key factors affecting the labor market n n n A favorable socio-economic situation causes an increase in demand for labor. In conditions of a socio-economic crisis, the demand for labor decreases. In the Russian Federation, 90 thousand people lost their jobs in January-February. According to experts, there are more than 8 million unemployed in Russia. There are 32 thousand unemployed in the region (of which only 24 thousand are registered at the Labor Exchange)

Modernization of the social sphere n Positive trends. n Over the past 5 years, federal budget spending on healthcare and sports has increased 9 times, on culture by 10 times, on education by 5 times. n According to experts - in 2012 -2013. there will be a reduction in social spending.

NP “Education” n “Education is the most important resource of the intellectual, spiritual and moral potential of the entire nation, and the very future of our country as a whole and of our children depends on its successful development” Putin V.V.

NP “Education” The education system in Russia is currently undergoing radical changes. n The transition to 12-year secondary education, the introduction of per capita financing, a single standardized federal final exam, which allows you to enter any university without an exam if you get the required number of points, cause a lot of controversy, but continue the steady trend towards entering the world practice of the education system. Along with state educational institutions n

Objectives of modernization of education n n n n new educational standards; - a new system for assessing the quality of education; - individualization of education; - new wage system; - introduction of normative per capita financing; - participation of public institutions in the management of general education; - informatization of general education; - creation of a preschool education system.

Modernization of education Restructuring the organizational structure of management On September 1, 2008, the first stage of testing the second generation of school standards began in a number of pilot territories. - Improving the regulatory framework - Informatization. In 2007 - the connection of all educational institutions to the INTERNET network was completed (4.5 billion rubles) - For 7 seven years, on the basis of Article 156 of the Law “On Education” State final certification of 11th grade graduates at the end of a secondary educational institution is carried out in the form of the Unified State Exam. -

Modernization of education n. In 2011, 1 million 95 thousand 781 school graduates (including graduates of previous years) took the Unified State Examination. In general, the main assessment of Russian graduates was a three. A quarter of all graduates received bad marks in mathematics and literature

Building a motivation system In September 2007, government decree No. 605 appeared, which introduced a new remuneration system. The new wage system (NSOT) is built not on a sectoral principle, but on a departmental one. n The new remuneration system is that the salary of an education worker will consist of three parts: base salary, compensation and incentive payments. Providing maximum independence in establishing an institution's remuneration system makes it possible to take into account the features that exist in a particular educational institution. n

Building a motivation system n However, the NSOT model methodology contains systemic problems. Its key principles - such as the dependence of wages on the number of students - are in conflict with the main objectives stated when it was introduced: to motivate teachers to do educational work and to use individual approaches to teaching.

Preschool education n Thanks to the provision of conditions for the implementation of compulsory preschool education for children aged 5-6 years, the coverage of children with preschool education, according to 2010 data, amounted to 62.1%, which is close to the indicators of the prosperous year of 1991, after which a sharp decline began (for example, in 1998 year, only about 54% of children attended preschool institutions). However, more than 1 million Russians cannot place their children in preschool institutions, and there is a shortage of personnel in this area almost everywhere.

Financing of the NP "Education" n Expenditures on the priority national project "Education" are characterized by negative dynamics: 2009 -30 billion 857 million rubles, 2010 and 2011 - 7 billion 900 million rubles each. This is one of the reasons that the share of education costs from total federal budget expenditures has decreased over the next three years: from 4.69% in 2009 to 3.78% in 2011

Objectives of modernization of education in the Vladimir region n n n Creation of a system of educational services that ensure the early development of children regardless of their place of residence, health status, social status; Availability of quality education for persons with disabilities; Creation of a system for identifying and supporting gifted children. Creation of a structure for social mobility of students. Formation of mechanisms for assessing the quality and demand for educational services, including an open system of informing citizens through the creation of an objective system for assessing the educational and extracurricular achievements of students and the participation of consumers and public institutions in monitoring and assessing the quality of education.

Objectives of modernization of education in the Vladimir region Ensuring the innovative nature of basic education, including justification of the content and technologies of education: n Development of variability of educational programs; n Updating the structure of the network of educational institutions; n Introduction of new financing mechanisms. n

Modernization of education State support for talented youth - 5,350 awards allocated (200 million rubles) n Monetary incentives for the best teachers (1 billion rubles) n Financing of innovative educational programs (10 billion rubles) n Creation of national universities. (RUB 7 billion) n

Results of the implementation of National Projects Negative trends: n Insufficient pace of restructuring of social sector institutions n Low quality of social services provided free of charge n Ineffectiveness of spending budget funds

Problems arising during the implementation of the NP “Education” n acute shortage of financial resources allocated for the development of the education system; n the lack of development of the regulatory framework in the field of education; n systematic failure to comply with legislation in this area.

Culture n Culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by the creative labor of people, accumulated during the historical development of society, aimed at positive development (civilization, community, individual)

Modernization of the housing sector n Housing stock, n housing construction, n housing and communal services, which ensure the reproduction and maintenance of the housing stock, as well as the delivery of housing and communal services to direct consumers

The housing sector is in an acute systemic crisis; there is an acute financial shortage; weak material and technical base; insufficient qualifications of personnel; lack of a well-thought-out housing policy; monopoly in the housing construction market; insufficient elaboration of the regulatory and legal aspects of the activities of construction and housing organizations in terms of their relationships with authorities and consumers. n Housing, along with other public services, remains subsidized. Its maintenance places a heavy burden on the municipal budget. n low quality of services provided; n ineffective management. n n n

CURRENT STATE OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION n The volume of housing stock in the Russian Federation as of September 2010 was just over 3 billion square meters. m., despite the fact that the total need for housing is 5.3 billion sq. m. m. n The average provision of living space for the population in the country is 21.1 sq. m. m per person, which is 2 times lower than the European average. For comparison, we note that in developed countries there is an average of 40 to 60 square meters per person. m., and in the USA - 63 sq. m., and in Norway - 70. n The bulk of housing was built in the period from 1921 to 1970. - 1 billion 606.5 million sq. m. From 1971 to 1995, 915.9 million square meters were built. m. i.e. the age of most buildings is measured in tens of years.

National project “Affordable and Comfortable Housing for Russian Citizens” n n Increasing the affordability of housing Increasing the volume of mortgage lending Increasing the volume of housing construction and modernizing public infrastructure facilities Fulfilling government obligations to provide housing to categories of citizens established by federal legislation

Main trends in the development of the real estate market n The existing rental housing market is predominantly illegal; it is almost impossible to objectively assess the volume of rental housing at the moment. n According to the degree of settlement on the territory of Russia: with the total size of all lands of the Russian Federation being 1709.8 million hectares, settlement lands occupy 19.1 million hectares or approximately 1.1% of all lands, of which the lands of urban settlements make up only 7, 9 million hectares or 0.46%, and the lands of rural settlements 11.2 million hectares or 0.65% of all lands in Russia. n By type of development: 30.2% - individual housing, 69.8% multi-storey buildings. These data indicate a significant predominance of multi-storey housing, and, accordingly, building density, despite the fact that in Europe, as a rule, multi-storey buildings account for 20 to 40% of the housing stock.

Main trends in the development of the real estate market n Demand for housing in 2010 amounted to about 200 million sq. m. m, even achieving the planned construction volumes - 56.3 million sq. m. m. will not allow him to be satisfied. n At the end of 2010, the country's average commissioned 0.35 sq. m per person, with a range of 0.02 sq. m per person in the Murmansk region up to 0.9 sq. m. m. in the Moscow region.

Main trends in the development of the real estate market According to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2010, about 12.5 thousand hectares of land were provided with engineering infrastructure. n In order to ensure annual housing commissioning at the level of 140 million sq. m. m., it is necessary to increase the pace of equipping land plots with engineering infrastructure by 5 times. n At the same time, the reliability of the existing engineering infrastructure in the regions, according to expert estimates, is significantly below the permissible level (the number of accidents and damages ranges from 1.8 to 2.2 per 1 km of network per year, with the permissible 0.3). At the same time, the scale of network replacement does not exceed 1.2% of their total length, and only in certain regions - up to 1.8%, with the required 4-5% per year. n

The main reason for the rapid growth of prices is the imbalance of supply and demand in the housing market, the lack of stability in the housing market creates a trend towards an increase in the volume of housing purchased for investment purposes, the existing imbalance of supply and demand leads to a market orientation mainly towards high-income groups of the population. n Despite the growth in the volume of mortgage lending, the focus on mortgage mechanisms for purchasing housing has not significantly increased its affordability.

The proposed mechanism for managing the housing sector at the municipal level is based on the following principles: n n n n priority of social, regional and municipal interests over sectoral, departmental, local ones; focus on diversity of ownership forms in the housing sector; gradual decentralization of management and transfer of a number of management functions in the field of housing to the local level; antimonopoly policy in the housing sector, separation of the functions of the customer and the contractor and the involvement of contractors of various forms of ownership on a contractual basis in the construction and operation of housing; ensuring the normative principle of resource conservation and highlighting different levels of service to the population; involving the population in active participation in the housing sector; use of various sources of financing.

Development of the agro-industrial complex - main directions Goals Indicators Acceleration of the development of livestock farming Increase in meat production by 7%, milk by 4.5% while stabilizing the number of cattle at a level not lower than 2005 Supply of 100 thousand heads of breeding cattle under leasing Supply of equipment for the creation of 130 thousand livestock places Stimulating the Development of small forms of farming in the agro-industrial complex Increasing the volume of sales of products by personal subsidiary plots and peasant (farm) farms by 6% Modernization and development of the infrastructure of a network of procurement, supply and sales agricultural consumer cooperatives - 2550 Providing affordable housing for young professionals (or families) in rural areas Entry 1392.9 thousand sq. m. of housing and improvement of living conditions for at least 31.64 thousand young professionals in rural areas.

Deeper reasons for the growth of corruption. Among them, we highlight the main ones: n - the problem of merging state power with business, primarily criminal; n - lack of public control over the institution of public service; n - underdevelopment of civil society, etc. n

The problem of corruption has many aspects: n n n - the imperfection and inconsistency of Russian legislation; - lack of an effective system of state and public control; - lack of principles of administrative ethics; - lack of transparency in decision-making, openness, etc. According to the annual report (2007) of the Center for Anti-Corruption Research and Initiatives, in terms of the level of corruption, Russia is in 147th place out of 180 designated places.

Corruption: concept, forms of manifestation and counteraction. The problem of combating corruption moves from the plane of political declarations to the plane of state policy and becomes the main element of administrative reform. n Solving these problems requires a serious and comprehensive approach. Formation of an anti-corruption system, training of personnel with “anti-corruption sustainability”, improvement of organizational, legal and socio-economic mechanisms for organizing the civil service are the main directions of the fight against corruption. n

System of anti-corruption measures n n n The main content of the system is traditional measures to limit corruption by strengthening control. Among them: - careful regulation of conflicts of interest - a system of personnel selection based on merit - detailed regulation of the activities of officials. The job regulations, containing the requirements for the official, his official rights and responsibilities, should become the “main normative act” regulating the activities of the civil servant. - rotation, . which is carried out by transferring employees from one position to another within one government agency or transferring from one government agency to another - both at the federal and regional levels.

Comparative data on anti-corruption mechanisms, Anti-corruption mechanism Concept of civil service reform Law “On the State Civil Service in the Russian Federation” Rotation + - Competitive selection + + Performance appraisal and performance-based pay + - official disclosures - - implementation of job regulations + + regulation of conflicts of interest + + cross-sector balance in wages (wages in accordance with wages in business) + -

Federal Law “On Anti-Corruption” » . New measures to combat corruption. n n n n “- declarations on personal savings will be provided not only by civil servants themselves. but also their close relatives: wife and minor children; - officials at all levels are required to report all cases of bribery known to them; -a two-year ban is introduced for officials to hold positions in companies with which they were associated through service; - the official will not have the right to rest or go on business trips at the expense of the companies that he supervises on duty; -officials cannot receive gifts worth more than 5,000 rubles. (previously – no more than 500 rubles); - judges and employees of the prosecutor's office and investigative bodies are prohibited from participating in politics - joining the party, supporting them ideologically and financially. - punishment for political corruption is introduced - forgery of voters' signatures, obstruction of their will.

State regulation of the social and labor sphere n The answer to this question must begin with the definition of the concept of “social and labor relations”. This concept consists of two components. Labor relations are the relations between labor and capital, employee and employer. Labor relations in practice rarely exist in their pure form without social relations; on the contrary, social relations arise as a result of labor processes and the accompanying conflicts and contradictions. That is, social and labor relations. These are relationships that develop as a result of the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of labor, providing conditions for productive labor, its protection, and improving the quality of life.

State regulation of the social and labor sphere All phases of the reproduction of the labor force, the system of social and labor relations are reproduced by the STS - the social and labor sphere. The social and labor sphere reflects the object and subject of social policy, characterizes the degree of social development, and reflects the unity of labor and social relations. n The structure of the STS was developed at the Department of Labor and Social Policy of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation by the head of the department, Professor Nikolai Alekseevich Volgin. n

State regulation of the social and labor sphere n n The main blocks of the STS reflect and ensure the phases of labor force reproduction. : - social sphere (i.e. branches of the sociocultural complex: education, healthcare, culture, housing and communal services sector) - labor market, employment service, retraining of personnel (including the unemployed) - sphere of motivation for productive labor (organization of wages, labor protection and regulation, stabilization of the standard of living of the population

State regulation of the social and labor sphere The next block is the system of social protection of the population - the system of social partnership; - social insurance system - pension system, labor protection. The development of the social and labor sphere, and, consequently, the improvement of social and labor relations, forms the basis of social policy. n Social policy is a system of interaction and relationships between social groups of society for the livelihoods of the population, the growth of the level and quality of life of the population. n n n

The subjects of social policy are: n n n - the state (state social policy) - a subject of the Russian Federation (regional social policy) - local governments, municipalities (municipal social policy) - enterprises and organizations (corporate social policy) Let us dwell on the issue of state regulation of social policy labor relations, it occurs within the framework of state social policy. When implementing it, the state must evenly take into account all the components of the STS that we noted earlier.

State regulation of the social and labor sphere n The goal of the strategy for socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020 is to steadily improve the quality of life of the population; in essence, this means the formation of an effective system of social and labor relations, the harmonious development of the STS (social and labor sphere).

Mechanisms of state regulation of the social and labor sphere: n n n n 1. Formation of a legislative system for regulating social and labor relations. -The Constitution of the Russian Federation defined the Russian Federation as a social state. - The Labor Code of the Russian Federation determines the essence of social and labor relations between employers and employees and other legislative acts. 2. determination of priority directions of social state policy: - reduction of poverty, social stratification of the population - modernization of the education system - housing and communal services reform - pension reform - health care reform improving the quality of life of the population - effective migration policy reducing mortality, increasing the birth rate - support for young families - support for social vulnerable social groups (pensioners, children, disabled people, orphans, unemployed)

Mechanisms of state regulation of the social and labor sphere n n n These areas are implemented through the system of National projects: “Healthcare”, “Education”, “Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens”, “development of the agro-industrial complex” . For example, in the field of education: - the organizational structure of education management is being restructured. On September 1, 2008, the first stage of testing the second generation of school standards began in a number of territories. The regulatory framework is being improved and educational institutions are being computerized. In 2007, the connection of all educational institutions to the INTERNET network was completed (4.5 billion rubles), etc.

Financing of the social and labor sphere. n n Over the past 5 years, federal budget spending on healthcare and sports has increased 9 times, on culture by 10 times, on education by 5 times. In conditions of a socio-economic crisis, the state carries out anti-crisis measures. I will note some of them: -from December 1, 2008, federal medical and educational institutions and other budgetary organizations will switch to a new remuneration system. At the same time, the total wage fund in the federal budget network will increase by 30%. -from January 1, 2009, the maximum amount of unemployment benefits will be increased by 1.5 thousand rubles. in addition to its indexation by 8.5%. That is, the maximum amount of unemployment benefits will increase from January 1, 2009 to 4,900 rubles.

n n By the end of 2009, the average size of the social pension should not be lower than the subsistence level of a pensioner. In 2010, the size of the labor pension will increase by more than 1.5 times compared to the level of 2008. -Citizens who begin to form their pension savings after 2010, with 30 years of experience, will be able to count on a pension of at least 40 % FROM EARNINGS FROM WHICH CONTRIBUTIONS WERE PAID -The state will buy over 0 thousand ready-made apartments on the market (an additional 83 billion rubles will be allocated). -The size of the tax deduction for the purchase of housing (worth more than 2 million rubles) will be doubled from January 1, 2008 from 130 thousand to 260 thousand rubles. and etc.

Foreign experience of anti-corruption policy n. In most countries, the fight against corruption has become the basis for implementing administrative reforms. Two fundamental models of reform are distinguished: rationalization of the bureaucracy and the transition to a new public administration.

Introduction

In the process of forming a new professional stratum in Russian society: municipal employees, it becomes obvious that this process cannot be isolated from the development trends of the world community. The role and functions of employees in the management of local communities must meet the requirements of basic global processes.

In domestic and foreign literature, there are several approaches to defining municipal governance. According to the first point of view, municipal government is considered as the activity of municipal entities of an administrative and executive nature and is an integral part of the local government system. According to the second point of view, municipal governance is associated with such a concept as public administration at the local level. Based on this, municipal management is not included in the system of local self-government, but is opposed to it and is interpreted as management activities on the territory of the municipality, implemented by higher-level authorities through appointed administrative bodies.

Social problems of municipal government

Currently, Russian scientists adhere to the point of view according to which municipal governance is a broader concept compared to local self-government, including:

Public administration at the local level, i.e. federal and regional government bodies that locally carry out a number of functions of state policy in the field of finance, taxation, land management, employment, etc.;

Local self-government as a form of democracy;

Municipal management as a system of actions to establish partnerships between local governments, the population and private capital in order to ensure the progressive socio-economic development of the municipality.

The 21st century has dramatically changed the view on the problems of municipal management and the quality of its human potential. The driving forces were:

Technological challenge - lagging behind advanced countries, loss of intellectual potential, the answer to which is to improve the quality of education, develop professionalism, change the competency model for senior officials, develop new curricula, create a more innovative and risk-ready organizational culture in the municipal service;

The demographic challenge is the loss of human resources, a shortage of personnel in the social sphere and the economy, the answer to which lies in ensuring equal access to municipal services, developing a plan in each ministry to ensure the representation of all social groups of the population;

An environmental challenge is the deterioration of the nation's health, rising environmental costs, the answer to which can only be an environmental imperative - environmental education and training, the study and application of new health-saving technologies, achieving a balance between work and personal life;

Information challenge - information inequality, Russia's economic lag in the information sphere, promotion of knowledge of information technology as a guarantee of a successful career and a better quality of life, the answer to which may be the promotion of new priorities in the informatization of management, attracting the attention of international and national scientific and educational centers, leading universities to the problems of municipal management;

A dynamic challenge is a lag behind the global dynamics of change, a crisis of the economy, science, education, culture, the answer to which is the development of advanced education as learning to live and act in a changing world, facilitating access to senior positions in the municipal service for specialists from outside, the formation of a non-bureaucratic, innovative climate in municipal government, improving interdepartmental cooperation, the need to maintain a unified system of state and municipal services to ensure close cooperation between the central government and emerging administrations in the regions;

Worldview challenge - the growth of crisis phenomena in the development of society, the need for a new scientific worldview, the answer to which lies primarily in the fundamentalization of knowledge that develops a view of man as a part of Nature, openness and attraction of talented people, creative consciousness, the formation of strategic thinking among leaders to determine priorities and development goals of territories, taking into account specific characteristics and natural features;

Moral challenge - demoralization of society, loss of spiritual values, crime, corruption), the answer to which may be the priority of education (including moral) over training, concentration of attention of municipal employees on improving the quality of their work, the need to make it more responsible for consumers of municipal services, management of labor results, a new system of payment and evaluation of the work of municipal employees.

Method of cognitive mapping in assessing the socio-technological competence of municipal employees of the city of Lipetsk and the Lipetsk region

Modern scientific approaches to constructing a comprehensive assessment today are not possible without the use of a cognitive approach to research, which makes it possible to connect into a single whole many processes occurring in the economic, social and political spheres. A possible option for applying the cognitive approach in a specific study could be to assess the issues of socio-technological competence of municipal employees of the city of Lipetsk.

To formulate this concept, two already defined ones were considered - social and technological competence. In the course of our work, we believe that as a result of the educational process, a person should develop some holistic socio-professional quality, which presupposes a person’s deep awareness of conditions, technologies, methods for solving problems of a family, group and the ability to competently implement their knowledge in practice, easily interact with group (team). This quality can be defined by us as the holistic socio-technological competence of a person.

Data for the study were collected using questionnaires, the results were processed automatically using the SPSS statistical data processing program. The sample consisted of 100 people, 66% of whom were women with work experience of up to 5 years. Municipal employees of the Administration of the Lipetsk Region and the city of Lipetsk were interviewed, holding such positions as specialist, head of department, deputy head of department, chief specialist, leading specialist and specialist of the first category.

As a result of the questionnaire survey, many of the most important criteria (concepts) were identified that describe the socio-technological competence of municipal employees, such as: knowledge of means, methods, programs for performing actions, solving social and professional problems (1); readiness for non-standard, creative solutions (2); knowledge of activity management technology (3); knowledge of the algorithm and sequence of professional activities (4); knowledge of social design procedures (5); experience in implementing knowledge and skills (6); technological effectiveness of activities (7); ability to work in a team(8); forward thinking (9); readiness to manifest personal properties in human activity and behavior (10); constant desire to improve activities (11); responsibility for decisions made (12); organization (13); the ability to adequately assess the level of one’s own activity (14); willingness to take risks (15); active in social activities (16); the ability for effective self-organization and self-control (17); diplomacy, ability to resolve conflicts (18); motivation for research and scientific activities (19). The requirements of measurability did not allow us to include in the set of criteria under consideration “a value-semantic attitude to competence” (concept No. 0), because at present there are no models that adequately assess this criterion. However, it was included in the lists of additional criteria.

After identifying the 20 variables (concepts), another survey was conducted to determine the causal relationships for each pair of variables. As a result, it was revealed that there are no pairs of concepts that do not influence each other.

The analysis showed that there are no negative feedbacks in the signed graph, and there are four positive feedbacks.

This means that such criteria as “knowledge of activity management technology”, “experience in implementing knowledge and skills”, “systemic, long-term thinking”, “readiness for non-standard, creative solutions” and “value-semantic attitude to competence” form the outline of the system. A circuit in a system is a combination of connections that presupposes the presence of three or more factors that are in a cause-and-effect relationship with each other.

Within the contour, a change in feature 3 causes a change in feature 2, and it, in turn, affects feature 9, which will similarly change feature 6. It is important to evaluate the nature of the relationship between the criteria of the contour. As we can see, the relationship is positive and represents a dependence in which an increase in the values of one factor causes an increase in the values of another factor.

In our study, increasing knowledge of activity management technology leads to the readiness of municipal employees to make creative decisions, after which systemic long-term thinking is developed, which leads to an increase in the level of experience of a specialist and an increase in the implementation of his knowledge. All of the above factors in their totality form a value-semantic attitude towards competence, which accordingly increases or decreases with an increase or decrease in the constituent factors.

Regulatory impact assessment.

State strategic management.

Systemic modernization of the Russian political system.

Program-targeted management methods in the system of state regulation of the economy.

Anti-corruption mechanism: theory and methodology.

Modern methods of combating corruption in Russia.

Combating corruption in public authorities in modern Russia: political aspect.

Tools for combating corruption in the public administration system.

Anti-corruption expertise as a tool to combat corruption.

Anti-corruption: experience of foreign countries.

Theoretical and methodological aspects of research and management of changes in the system of state (municipal) management.

Administrative reform in the system of state (municipal) management.

Improving economic and organizational methods of managing land resources in a large city in market conditions.

Problems of reforming the state property management system.

Effective management of real estate of budgetary local government organizations.

Management of federal property: theory, methodology and practice.

Legal support for the management of state and municipal property.

External factors in the development of urban districts in the region in the context of local government reform.

Management of socio-economic development processes of a city (municipal region, subject of the Russian Federation).

Increasing investment attractiveness as a priority direction of the socio-economic policy of the city (municipal entity).

Methodological approach to the development of concepts of territorial socio-economic development.

Technologies of social partnership in the strategic development of municipalities.

Transformation and regulation of socio-economic development of a single-industry city.

Assessment of strategic plans for the socio-economic development of Russian cities.

Innovative mechanisms for strategic management of the development of socio-economic systems.

Marketing strategies of Russian cities.

Optimizing the presentation of municipal services using information and communication technologies.

Assessment of population satisfaction with the quality of services at the municipal level.

Assessment of the full cost of state and municipal services.

Development of standards for state and municipal services.

Management of the implementation of socio-economic target programs.

Social dimension of economic processes of a municipality.

Public - private partnership.

Efficiency of social management in the region.

Social development of children in preschool educational institutions.

Problems of reforming housing and communal services (health care), etc.

Social capital and social stratification in modern Russia.

Public relations in the social sphere.

Managing the social development of an organization.

Reforming the education system (health care system), etc.

Personnel policy of the modern Russian state: essence, principles, functions, features of implementation.

Personnel policy and mechanisms for its implementation in organizations with state ownership.

Ethnic and national aspect of state personnel policy.

State personnel policy and problems of vocational education.

Motivation for professional development of human resources in public administration.

Legal regulation of service-personnel relations in executive (legislative, judicial) authorities.

State personnel policy in the field of public service: essence, principles, problems of implementation.

Civil service: concept, conditions, procedures.

Passage of municipal service: concept, conditions, procedures.

Diplomatic service employee: legal status and powers.

Administrative and legal basis for organizing and conducting certification of state civil servants of the service.

Service discipline of state civil servants and ways to strengthen it.

Civil servant and his social and legal status.

Municipal employee, his rights, duties and responsibilities.

System of legal guarantees of social and economic security of civil servants.

Professional culture of a modern civil servant: concept, structure, ways of formation.

Anti-corruption policy of the Russian state, features of its implementation in the conditions of modern Russia.

Corruption: social essence and social consequences.

The main directions of anti-corruption improvement of the public service.

Personnel management in the public service system.

Personnel potential of the diplomatic service of the Russian Federation: structure, quality characteristics, ways of improvement.

Modernization of the professional training system as a factor in improving the quality of the diplomatic service.

Personnel management in the municipal service system.

Organizational and administrative mechanism of public administration: models and methods.

Organizational mechanism of local government.

Political mechanism of public administration.

The relationship between the political and administrative levels of the organization of state power.

System of methods of state administrative management.

Managerialization in the implementation of public administration functions.

Organizational methods in administrative management.

Administrative methods in state (local) government.

Program-target approach in state (regional, local) management.

Theories of public administration and their modern application.

Mechanisms of modern public administration.

Improving the mechanisms of state regulation of the economy.

Management of change projects in state (municipal) institutions.

Change management in state (municipal) institutions: monitoring and control.

Problems and difficulties when implementing changes in state (municipal) institutions.

Appendix 2

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

“Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov"

Faculty of Economics

Department ________________________________________

Direction of training______________________________________

Master Program ___________________________

Characteristics of public administration problems

When characterizing public administration, one cannot help but pay special attention to the exceptional breadth and scale of the type of activity under consideration. Individual manifestations of government regulation are found in almost all spheres of public life. This, in particular, is related to the heterogeneity of the definitions of public administration proposed by domestic researchers of legal science.

Thus, one of the most optimal ways to consider the category of public administration seems to be its disclosure through the following definition.

Definition 1

Public administration is state influence on spheres of public life, which has signs of organization, regulation, control and use of the power of state coercion, the purpose of which is to streamline, preserve or change existing processes in society.

The key aspect of the proposed definition and the institution of public administration as a whole is the sociality of the category under consideration, that is, the need to give priority in the process of public administration to public expectations and needs, taking into account the real life situation of people, etc.

Note 1

In addition to problems of a theoretical nature, research at the Institute of Public Administration, including in the Russian Federation, reveals a number of shortcomings in applied content

Types of public administration problems in the Russian Federation

The main group of problems of modern public administration in the Russian Federation is of an organizational nature; an analysis of practical activities in the area under consideration allows us to identify the following of them:

The imperfection of existing sources of legal regulation of activities in the field of public administration, in particular, in the sphere of powers of specific officials, the procedure and features of interdepartmental interaction, as well as interaction between authorities and citizens.
Preservation of management methods that have become outdated in the last century in a command-administrative economy. In turn, modern problems of public administration often cannot be solved by such outdated methods.
The presence of controversial issues of distribution of jurisdiction and powers between central government bodies and local government bodies, at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities. This situation has a number of negative consequences, ultimately affecting the interests of citizens and society as a whole, since authorities have the opportunity to evade responsibility for their actions by shifting the blame for shortcomings in their activities to authorities at other levels.
Insufficient level of education and qualifications of civil servants. This situation occurs, first of all, due to the fact that a large percentage of civil servants do not have high-quality professional education in their job profile, although, obviously, the degree of importance, responsibility and other requirements for the civil service require high level of professionalism of government officials
Corruption, which is most generally defined as the abuse of government power for the purpose of obtaining personal gain. In our country, among government officials and officials, this phenomenon has become almost widespread. Of course, this situation is not normal for social development, and therefore anti-corruption programs are being developed at the state level, in which, in addition to tightening existing penalties, for corruption crimes, a number of preventive measures are proposed aimed at changing the public's attitude towards corruption, by creating an atmosphere of rejection of corruption in all its manifestations and creating conditions that prevent it.

Note 2

The result of such activities, in the long term, should be strengthening the population's trust in the government structures of the state.

However, in addition to problems of an organizational nature, in public administration there are, in part, the above-mentioned shortcomings of a psychological nature associated with the loss of trust and mutual understanding between citizens and government agencies, insufficient honesty and openness of the activities of government officials, etc.

In the traditional scheme of power, the GMU is interpreted as executive, that is, as a kind of monolith, although in reality it consists of many federal, regional, and municipal bodies. As the number and size of institutions increase, so do the problems of communication, coordination, cooperation and control. The interdependence of various institutions gives rise to ambiguity, problems of organizing their relationships, as well as conflicts.

Existing information systems that provide information about the bodies of the State Medical University and civil service, their heads, staffing, as well as budget allocations for the activities of these institutions and their actual expenses, are not integrated into a single whole.

An effective system for checking the activities of officials has not yet been created. The implementation of government decisions is poorly controlled, and employees who fail to perform their jobs are rarely held accountable. On the contrary, every now and then one can hear that with a serious commercial interest in the adoption and implementation of any government decision, the necessary result will be achieved regardless of whether the corresponding prerequisites exist in the legislation.

The external structure of the State Medical University is continued in its internal organization, which is characterized by: monocratic leadership, hierarchy, high managerial tension (too many employees directly subordinate to one manager), central departments (coordination services) for resource management, signature rights and corresponding responsibilities for decision-making, division of labor and specialization, primarily disciplinary (lawyers, engineers, natural scientists, social workers, etc.).

To a lesser extent, functional specialization is significant (creating conditions for the production of services, this itself is the so-called production and sale of products, or management, planning, regulation and control). The results of such structuring of the administrative system are known: overload of management, authoritarian leadership style, excessive complexity and regulation of activities, lack of flexibility, insufficient vertical and spatial mobility of officials, uneconomicalness (unsatisfactory cost-benefit ratio), inefficiency (employees act inappropriately and goals are not achieved) . It is not uncommon for this application to refer to “organized irresponsibility.”

They are now increasingly trying to eliminate these kinds of shortcomings through the introduction of new organizational models, characterized by the rejection of bureaucratic centralism, the expansion of the scope of freedom in making independent decisions and actions, and, in addition, the division of strategic and operational tasks of the State Medical University. The strategic objectives here are to notice and assess significant and increasingly complex problems for the country as early as possible, determine the best ways to solve them, make appropriate political choices, formulate political projects, organize the support of the majority of citizens and more consistently implement government or regional policies.

The significant reduction in management personnel that began in 1995–1996 practically did not affect long-established ministries and departments, but for some newly created structures (for example, the Ministry of Antimonopoly Policy and the Federal Service for Financial Recovery and Bankruptcy) it turned out to be very painful.

The structure of government has undergone significant changes regarding
mainly the number of ministries and departments, and also, to a lesser extent, their functions.

Such changes are the exclusive prerogative of the President. The First President of Russia created, abolished, and variously regrouped the positions of first deputies and deputy prime ministers, doing so partly in order not to upset the balance of power in the struggle waged by pressure groups. Here we must take into account the essence of the political and constitutional system of Russia: the source of power and influence of the government invariably remains the president, and it is accountable to the legislative authorities to only a small extent. Many ministers even now are not so much politicians as technocratic officials.

The need to solve operational problems explains the need for performance measures. Such tasks arise from strategic ones and are fundamentally more limited in scope. Often these are solutions to individual issues. The reorganization of the State Medical University is intended to be based on differentiation aimed at solving problems, and not at the activity itself, as is often the case with “traditional” public administration. Strategic state objectives are the prerogative of parliament, government and ministries, strategic municipal objectives are the prerogative of local government and municipalities. Operational tasks, despite their predominantly executive nature, also have a political aspect, since they are implemented within the administrative and legal framework of government and local policies and are controlled by the political institutions of the state. Subjects implementing tasks arising from strategic ones, aimed at implementing the current management policy in the federation, should be lower-level administrations. It makes sense for municipalities to delegate operational tasks to their own enterprises and organizations, which is what they usually do.

State power still includes a number of competing
and overlapping structures: the government itself (ministries and departments), the government apparatus and, to a certain extent, the presidential administration. The presence of a powerful government apparatus deserves special attention. This factor weakens the role of line ministries in determining economic policy, reducing their status (when compared with the status of ministries in other countries), contributes to the fragmentation of the existing system and prevents them from establishing effective horizontal connections with each other.

Hence the widespread use of interdepartmental commissions to resolve complex “borderline” problems that often arise in relations between ministries and departments.

The government itself still consists of a large number of ministries,
state committees, industry committees, services, departments and other auxiliary bodies, and these institutions are extremely numerous and diverse.

The Cabinet of Ministers, which is part of the government, also has a complex structure. Until recently, it included first deputy prime ministers, deputy prime ministers and ministers, who performed not fully defined, largely similar or duplicating functions and had equally vague official (and unofficial) spheres of influence. In practice, any minister (for example, the minister of finance) enjoyed greater influence than the deputy prime minister, to whom, in theory, he was supposed to report. There are also cases when one deputy prime minister determined policy or gave specific orders in an area that was actually under the jurisdiction of another deputy prime minister. In addition, there was a fairly stable reporting system that combined informal channels with official ones, which aggravated the ambiguity of functions and gave rise to organizational and legal deadlocks.

In this sense, modernization of management can be carried out in the form of two-three-level management structures, in sectoral and coordinating management bodies.

The principle of “strategic tasks at the top and operational tasks at the bottom” is intended to operate both in relation to the entire system of management bodies, and within each of them. If a lower-level organization is entrusted with operational tasks, then management is also involved in strategic tasks solved by a higher authority. To this are added the functions of leadership, coordination and control of the implementation of operational tasks. Therefore, in principle, all administrations should have appropriate leadership bodies dealing with both operational and strategic tasks.

In general, administrative structures should be based on the conclusions of the theory of management and organization - they have been tested in business practice and have actually been created in many public administrations in different countries. Such structures are characterized by a small number of “flat” (with a predominance of horizontal connections, as opposed to “pyramidal” ones based on vertical, hierarchical relationships) instances, larger working units compared to previous ones with greater independence and personal responsibility, and the use of modern management methods.

In the Russian GMU system, long-term and dedicated service is still valued more highly than the qualifications and business qualities of the employee.

Russian civil servants, as before, rarely come up with innovative proposals and take the initiative.

Power (including discretionary power, which leaves ample scope for bureaucratic arbitrariness in an ambiguous, contradictory and highly complex legal and regulatory system) is vested in too many civil servants at too many levels of government.

The concept of “abuse of official position” remains not entirely clearly defined. (For many centuries, civil servants were often not remunerated for their work because they were expected to “get by” while performing their official duties—sometimes they even had to pay themselves to be appointed to a lucrative position.)

In the new structures, the principle must be observed: think about the categories of current activities (for example, how to specifically use resources, personnel, funds), but think even more about the categories of results (how to provide services, produce products, etc.), and deal less with current problems and ensure future development more, issue fewer documents and inform more (in this case, controlling provides the function of supplying information to justify decisions), focus not on the process of activity, but on the implementation of decisions made, not on formal indicators (budget balance, adjustment of planned and actual indicators), but on achieving specific goals, not on the financial and economic way of thinking, but on the result-economic way of thinking, not on the budget plan only, but on the economic plan with a budget for organizational units, not on calculating income and expenses, but on double accounting accounting, with expenses and income, property and capital, costs and useful results, not on financial control, but on control based on results.

It is not enough for public administrations today to simply follow the law. Nowadays, demand requires services in a form that is not only legal, but also economical for clients, beneficial for society and the environment. A project manager working as part of a team is a leading figure in the public service. The higher the leadership position, the more its occupants must have management knowledge that goes beyond their professions, which, in turn, requires major changes in education and training systems. Western science of public enterprise has already developed special models for training and advanced training of senior civil service personnel. They provide for the combination of advanced training classes with the study of organizational and economic know-how.

The traditional division of professional and coordination tasks of management bodies is incompatible with modern organization theory. This division prevents the perception of services in their integrity. Specialization has, of course, advantages associated with the efficiency of the division of labor. It also simplifies unified management of the organization. But it has many disadvantages: a wide network of interdependence, bureaucracy, managerial excesses, departmental rivalry, etc. Hence, highly professional work must be accompanied by taking into account human, organizational and financial resources. Responsibility for the quantity and quality of labor should be combined with resource responsibility (for the factors of production used - human and material resources), as well as with responsibility for the final results, for achieving set goals.

The unification of various types of responsibilities of employees in federal and regional administrations is very important. More developed economic thinking of employees of administrative bodies helps to obtain better results of management activities.

Of particular paramount importance for optimizing state-level decisions in Russia are the modernization of budget law, the introduction of budgeting and a dual accounting system. Standard management of budgets, accounting and reporting has a mainly financial and economic orientation and is not able to adequately reflect work processes, much less regulate them. Questions related to the in-house or external production of services, the purchase, rental, leasing of a building or equipment, taking into account material assets, the costs of introducing and implementing laws, and the optimization of government bodies remain unanswered. Answers to these questions require separate calculations.

Public administrations require a system of accounting used by market enterprises that includes budgeting, accounting and balance sheets based on a double-entry bookkeeping system. Such a calculation system provides the necessary information for planning and decision-making and serves to compile documentation and monitor results. This system should not be differentiated, as this would result in a loss of flexibility.

Budgeting is carried out in the form of a results plan and a financial plan. The results plan includes all estimated income and expenses for the calendar year, including sales revenue, as well as taxes levied (if any), funds from hiring and rent, compensation payments, including reimbursement of targeted expenses, subsidies from allocated tax revenues, personnel costs , business expenses, expenses for external services, depreciation, rent and special expenses. The profit of the performance plan is taken into account in the financial plan.

The budget (annual) financial plan includes all income and expenses that can be foreseen in the calendar year. It must be distinguished from medium-term or five-year financial plans. Aggregation of the financial plan is carried out according to the same rules as for results plans.

In principle, receipts or income should serve to cover all costs or expenses. Only as an exception can specific coverage be allocated for individual items, for example, for investment subsidies or reimbursement of targeted expenses. Estimates in terms of results and financial terms must be identical in methodology and comparable. This procedure for planning calculations gives flexibility to mid-level management. Thus, settlement systems are created that are adequate for independently operating administrations, which at the same time are organizationally and legislatively included in the GMU system.

In the future, administrative accounting will apparently be carried out not on the basis of cameralistic division of accounts, but with the help of a commercial accounting system. A one-way account with many columns (or income or expenses with columns “planned”, “actual”, “balance”) should replace a two-way account with one column (“debit” and “receipt” with actual values only). Based on the actual balance with the calculation of cost or profit results, as well as financial calculations, results-oriented comparisons of these plans with similar performance plans and financial plans of other organizations can be made.

The study of management costs has a special role in the analysis. In management accounting, costing plays an important role. Such calculation provides information about what expenses are incurred, where and for what purpose. It also helps regulate activities and monitor their efficiency. Without strict accounting of costs, the proclamation of the principle of profitability and frugality turns out to be groundless. It is important to operationalize administrative work, that is, to determine specific data, working hours, equipment used, etc., and clarify costs. Cost-benefit relationships provide information about the extent and structure of the use of various factors and the results of their combination. Any government activity involves costs. But it is not true that an improvement in its economic performance is always associated with a reduction in costs. On the contrary, from an economic point of view, high costs are often justified by improved results.

When starting to reform GMU, it is necessary to keep in mind that calculations of management costs are different from “benefit-cost” calculations.

Costs are the consumption of production factors (conditions) expressed in monetary terms during the preparation, manufacture and sale of products. Thus, targeted expenses and debt repayments in the current year are expenses, but not expenses; future pension payments in the current year are not budget expenses, but they are included in personnel costs. Depreciation should be taken into account as factors of production. Management costing includes management costs and results of management activities, in other words, values that characterize work and results. When analyzing management based on the benefit-cost principle, we mean the impact on the national economy, which may or may not include economic-organizational input-output relations. But such an impact always goes beyond the enterprise and gives a positive or negative external result, affects changes in national income, etc.

It is theoretically possible to extend the calculation of management costs to the impact that administration has on those outside the management system and the environment. Here we are talking about ensuring social (from the point of view of taking into account the interests of various social groups, social justice) environmental balances. As an example, let us refer to social reports and environmental assessments.

Public administrations must make binding decisions. These decisions must be justified in legal and factual terms. Their reality is based on taking into account political, historical, cultural, economic, social, psychological and other factors. A controlling system is used to justify decisions. This area of management activity helps management collect, summarize and evaluate information related to the implementation of main goals and planning, establishes deviations, their causes and recommends necessary changes. Financially and economically oriented budget, cash and reporting calculations do not fully reflect the real state of affairs. Even the economic and organizational system of calculations introduced in government institutions makes it possible to reflect the real situation only in the field of income, finance and property, as well as to obtain the necessary information on costs. Other information important for management is provided by information systems on personnel, land, buildings, equipment and materials, etc. Administrative institutions operate effectively when they receive this kind of information about intra-organizational relationships through controlling.

However, the mentioned rational sources are not enough for decision making. Controlling specialists, say, in a city administration, are called upon to use various plans and information, regimes and charters of enterprises, registers and statistics to solve the problems facing them. These and other sources should be used constantly, accumulated as databases available for combined computer use.

In controlling, there are usually two main directions. Controlling activities are carried out within the framework of the law. In relation to any governing bodies (especially lower-level administrations), it is important that, based on the available solutions, as well as the space free for one’s own decisions and actions, to develop and implement such legally compliant measures that are the most economical or promise to be so. In addition, with the help of controlling, it is also possible to take into account the non-economic results of GMU, when in addition to the efficiency of management actions (determined by the ratio of costs and results), their effectiveness is calculated in the sense of the degree of compliance of the means used with the goals set and the plan-fact ratio, that is, determining whether to what extent the set goal will be achieved with the help of the activities being carried out. In relation to higher authorities, a revision of the legal conditions themselves is possible. If they interfere with the efficiency or effectiveness of management, then recommendations for changes in legislation or regulations are appropriate.

Controlling is an important tool for increasing the efficiency of management activities. Specifically used for this purpose are numerical characteristics and other indicators, statistics and forecasts, production, procedural, time and other comparative analyses, cost-benefit analyses, investment calculations, benefit-cost analysis, value analyses, checking the validity of decisions, sampling, control over results, observations, surveys, questionnaires and examinations, role-playing games, etc.

The problem of the effectiveness of the activities of its bodies is of great importance for any state and for Russia in particular. The performance of a government agency can be thought of as the ability to accomplish the tasks assigned to it. In relation to government agencies, this means the ability to act in accordance with legal and administrative norms, and, in addition, productivity. Management is productive when it operates economically, offers its services to consumers, takes into account the level of employee job satisfaction, and acts socially and environmentally correctly. A narrower definition of productivity is personalized to those who understand it as the ability and ability to perform a specific job. Government institutions employ a lot of personnel, whose performance is a decisive factor in the successful completion of assigned tasks. The individual achievements of each employee depend on his ability and readiness to work, his desire to do the job. Willingness and ability to work is increased through the use of labor incentives.

Modern management focuses government employees on the best performance of tasks through goal setting, strategy development, resource optimization, employee motivation, high quality work, as well as focusing on customer needs and preserving the environment. To ensure all this at a high level, it is necessary to use quality management, covering all components of management.

The growth in the volume of management tasks in the proportion of planning, regulation and control functions requires high-quality work from management personnel. In modern conditions, the key aspects of employee qualifications, along with special education, are conceptual thinking, readiness to learn, the ability to actively criticize, openness to European integral development, social competence, and environmental responsibility.

A special role is played by the constant focus on improving the qualifications of civil servants. Now there is a trend towards convergence of the functions of management personnel of public administrations and private enterprises, manifested in the parallelism of their management actions. Apparently this trend is increasing in the future. Managers are faced with similar problems, which are reflected in such concepts as differentiation of strategic and operational tasks, decentralization, cost management, mobility, workplace communications and telecommunications, environmental protection, internationalization.

In our opinion, private enterprises and public administrations in the future will have to interact intensively in order to jointly solve social, economic and environmental problems. Until now, the different spheres, separated by way of thinking, language and actions, will have to come closer to each other. Public administrators and business leaders need unified professional knowledge and leadership skills that go beyond their specific areas of activity. In the process of studying and improving the qualifications of managers, special attention should be paid to “familiarizing them not only with narrow professional achievements, but also with the content of legal, technical, economic and other disciplines. The much-needed mutual permeability between economics and management is objectively necessary. In the process of advanced training, not a mechanical, but an integrative combination of educational material is required.

A dynamic public service is designed to respond to changing requirements for employees, creating conditions for their professional development. The role of the latter in training highly qualified managers should be increased. Professional development becomes more attractive when it is considered as a qualification parameter, as a prerequisite for career advancement.

When it comes to introducing market-based decision-making in the highest and lowest echelons of government, the key approach is the desire to increase competitiveness. Market competition can be attributed not only to price competition between market entities. It also exists between ideas, in elections, for public recognition, etc. both within the framework of market relations and beyond them. Government institutions compete not only with each other, but also with external organizations, although these are not always financial resources allocated by local authorities, heads of departments compete to improve their reputation, financial employees compete for the high quality of financial audits of enterprises, city economic promotion services - for attracting enterprises, etc.

The established opinion that the state and management is a monopoly, which has a monopoly on power and considers competition to be insignificant, does not correspond to reality. The institutional and spatial differentiation of government institutions, their differentiation depending on the characteristics of their work make comparative studies and comparisons possible. This can ensure transparency of connections between various government organizations, demonstrating one's own and others' positions, strengths and weaknesses, and thereby encourage competition. Managerial comparisons form something of a surrogate for the market - with their help, the best and outsiders become known, and elements of competition are created. As a result, markets for management services are imitated.

In order for management comparisons to be real, effective and reliable, it is necessary to compare with each other only those structures that are comparable in terms of area processes and activities. It is important that the results obtained provide qualitative and quantitative improvements in work results. Comparisons may also be made by other organizations. Let us dwell on three types of such comparisons: temporary comparisons, comparisons of planned and actual, and procedural comparisons.

Temporal comparisons examine specific indicators on specific dates or periods of time. As objects for comparison, we can consider, say, the number of applications submitted, the number of visitors, cases processed, processing time, resource consumption, etc. If the needs for management services change and errors are identified, appropriate measures are taken.

Comparisons of planned and actual compare homogeneous quantities that have different indicators. By comparing the actual result with the result that should be achieved, specific numerical characteristics are obtained. By analyzing detected deviations, it is possible to identify their causes and take appropriate measures.

Process comparisons usually involve manual and machine labor and different modes of supply (for example, centralized or decentralized). Comparison of alternative processes helps to find the most effective forms of structural or procedural organization.

What is interesting here is the so-called comparison with guiding indicators, in which the digital characteristics of specific institutions are compared with the average indicators of the corresponding branches of management or sectors of the economy. Positioning above or below average allows you to identify the best or the worst and provides a reason for change if necessary.

Over the past years, the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of State Medical University bodies has decreased significantly due to a significant reduction in funding, which does not allow them to purchase the necessary consumables and equipment.

Currently, Russian state medical authorities are not sufficiently computerized in comparison with government structures of the same scale and complexity in other countries. Thus, the capabilities of the Internet are used relatively little in the work of State Medical University bodies and in the provision of related services.

Conclusion

The restructuring of the State Medical University requires, first of all, the restoration of relations of trust, mutual understanding, sincerity and honesty between the state and citizens, between government bodies and all public structures. It is necessary to achieve a reasonable correspondence between state legal regulation and the naturalness of life, its experience and traditions, sustainability and adaptability, multi-layeredness and self-government.

We are talking about the broad socialization of GMU, in the process and as a result of which it will become closer, merge with society, and become a socially relevant component of its free, democratic and effective organization and functioning. It seems that GMU cannot simply be eliminated, discarded by the people, but must be transformed into it, become its integral part and take the place that is objectively determined by the current level of social development and its own organizational and regulatory capabilities.

Society wants to see GMU socially effective. Not “in a hurry” to follow social processes and always lagging behind, not only economically oriented, but possessing an integrated approach and prognostic vision. Management in which a proactive, heuristic principle, based on knowledge of objective laws, capable of retaining subjective factors, efficient, active, effectively solving social problems and ensuring the progressive development of society, will become widespread.

I would like to note that everything is important in society: production, distribution, exchange and consumption, the social sphere, science, literature and art, law and morality, architecture and communications, history and spiritual culture, health and physical development of people and much more. But all this can then create a favorable and rational way of life when it is combined into a holistic, dynamic, harmonious system and “works” for a person. Despite the fact that there are natural relationships between all phenomena and processes, management gives proper consistency, development, productivity and economy to social life. For only and exclusively does it possess the unity of such abilities as goal-setting, organization and regulation.

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