The clothing industry as a branch of light industry. Technologies, equipment and raw materials for the clothing industry

* The calculations use average data for Russia

GENERAL INFORMATION

Textiles are products made from flexible, soft fibers and threads (fabric, wadding, nets, etc.), usually made from yarn on a loom. Textiles also include matter that is not fabric: knitwear, felt, modern non-woven materials, etc.

Textile industry is a group of light industry branches engaged in the processing of plant (cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf, jute, ramie), animal (wool, silk from silkworm cocoons), artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, threads, and fabrics. It includes the following types of industry:

cotton

woolen

silk

woolen

silk

hemp and jute

Textiles are one of the main materials used in light industry. Until the end of the 19th century, only natural materials were used in the textile industry - cotton, wool, silk. Then, artificial (based on natural polymers) and synthetic (from hydrocarbon raw materials) fibers became increasingly widespread.

CLASSIFIER OKVED

According to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED), textile production belongs to the section 17 of the same name, which has the following major subsections:

17.1 "Spinning textile fibers"

17.2 “Weaving production”

17.3 “Finishing of fabrics and textile products”

17.4 “Production of finished textile products, except clothing”

17.5 “Production of other textile products”

17.6 “Production of knitted fabric”

17.7 “Production of knitted products”

ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN THE INDUSTRY

Today, the situation in the world is such that the bulk of textile production is concentrated in developing countries that have sufficient quantities of raw materials (for example, cotton) and cheap labor. Developed countries, importing fabrics, make ready-made garments from them, which are then exported to developing countries. At the same time, territorially, the production itself, which belongs to a developed country, may be located in another state.

The light industry of the USSR covered all stages of production - from the production (growing) of raw materials to the manufacture of garments. Today, the domestic light industry is experiencing serious difficulties, primarily associated with the uncompetitiveness of products in terms of price - Asian countries, using cheap labor, offer significantly cheaper products. At the same time, the quality of Russian fabrics is often significantly higher. The share of domestic products today is no more than 30% of the market. It is almost impossible to determine the quantity more accurately due to the presence of “gray” imports. According to experts, the only competitive segment is the production of workwear, supported by government orders.

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ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE FEDERAL STATISTICS SERVICE

Rosstat data, which the service receives by collecting official data from market participants, may not coincide with data from analytical agencies, whose analytics are based on surveys and the collection of unofficial data.

Figure 1. Dynamics of financial indicators of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 2. Dynamics of financial ratios of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

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According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in the period from 2007 to 2015. There is a stable trend of revenue growth in the industry. Since data on sales volumes in physical terms is not available, it is not possible to conclude whether revenue is growing only due to higher prices, or whether sales volumes in units are also growing. At the same time, gross margin and return on sales are also growing. A particularly sharp increase occurred in 2015. These data differ to some extent from data from independent sources.

The indicators of accounts receivable (in 2015 + 67% compared to 2007) and accounts payable (in 2015 + 101% compared to 2007) increased significantly, which indicates problems in mutual settlements with customers and suppliers. High accounts receivable may indicate a shortage of working capital, which can be covered with loans. The dynamics of the debt-to-equity ratio confirms this conclusion: the debt-to-equity ratio increased from 3.66 times in 2007 to 5.62 times in 2015.

Figure 3. Accounts receivable and payable by industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 4. Shares of regions in gross industry revenue in 2015

CONCLUSION

Despite the positive data from Rosstat, the textile industry in Russia is in a declining state due to the low level of product competitiveness. The market is filled with cheap products from Southeast Asia, most of which are “gray” imports.

Some experts believe that the solution to their current situation is to adopt the experience of developed countries importing textile products. The Government of the Russian Federation, however, has developed programs for the support and development of light industry, including textiles, as its integral part. It is planned to develop a specialized segment of polyester fabrics.

In general, even with a successful process of reorganization of the industry, one can hardly expect its growth in the next 5-7 years. The technologies used in the industry are highly labor and capital intensive.

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Problems of development of light industry of the Russian Federation

The main reason for the crisis in the light industry is the technological backwardness of most enterprises, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of products. To get out of this situation, it is necessary to intensify innovation activities, the main task of which is the implementation and use of the results of scientific research and development in enterprises. An analysis of the situation in the field of innovation activity showed that the demand for basic scientific and technical achievements and technologies is quite low, which increases the technological lag of the industry. The innovative activity of enterprises is mainly hampered by a lack of financial resources; other reasons include too high costs for innovation and long payback periods.

To enhance innovation activity, the following measures are necessary:

1. Improving the regulatory and legal system on the part of the state, in order to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise;

2. Economic support for enterprises involved in innovation activities;

3. Support for innovation at the regional level;

4. Development of international cooperation in the field of innovation.

To improve innovation activities, it is necessary to have research institutes.

There are also staffing problems. Firstly, there is a shortage of qualified senior and mid-level specialists. Secondly, many managers lack the knowledge and initiative necessary for the successful transfer of production from command-administrative methods of functioning to market ones and the successful development of the enterprise in modern conditions. This problem can be solved by training new and retraining old personnel.

For a separate branch of light industry, there is a problem of the raw materials market. First of all, this is a problem in the textile industry, the main raw material for which is cotton. In Soviet times, the main suppliers of cotton were Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but with the collapse of the USSR, economic ties were also disrupted. Due to the desire of the former Soviet republics to earn more money, raw materials were supplied at dumping prices outside the former Union, which reduced the supply of cotton to Russia. This problem can be solved by reducing the share of cotton products and changing the production structure.

Prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation

Despite the existence of serious problems in the development of light industry, there are also promising areas of development.

It should be noted that today Russia has a sufficient raw material base for light industry, which can be used with greater efficiency. Already, Russia can almost completely satisfy the needs of enterprises for flax fiber, leather and fur raw materials, artificial fibers, threads, and wool. It is necessary to resolve the issues of producing sufficient quantities of synthetic fibers and threads.

One of the promising areas of development will be changing the structure of production of the textile industry, reducing the share of cotton and increasing the share of linen products. This requires widespread development of flax processing processes not only at flax industry enterprises, but also at cotton industry enterprises. In the future, the following tasks must be solved:

I. Creation of a reliable base of domestic natural raw materials by increasing the gross harvest of flax, as well as the release of flax from the production of technical products;

II. Replacement of part of the purchased cotton fiber at cotton industry enterprises with flax fiber through the development of new technologies;

III. Development of export potential through the supply of flax, as well as high-quality linen fabrics and finished products.

Also, for the long-term development of the industry, it is necessary to improve the quality of products and make them competitive in comparison with imported goods. This requires the modernization of production and the development of the scientific and technical industry. In the near future, it is advisable to develop existing techniques and technologies in the direction of existing technological equipment, which makes it possible to more fully use domestic natural and chemical raw materials in order to expand the range, improve the quality, and competitiveness of products.

For the future development of light industry, it is necessary to increase the investment attractiveness of production. For this, an appropriate regulatory framework is necessary; it should be profitable for an entrepreneur to invest financial resources in light industry enterprises. On the one hand, in light industry the turnover of funds occurs 2-4 times, which in itself is already profitable. But besides this, it is necessary to change the financial and legal policy of the state in relation to light industry. On the part of the state, the priority measures aimed at creating conditions for the development of the industry will be:

1. reduction of import customs duties on highly efficient technological equipment for light industry not produced in the Russian Federation;

2. optimization of customs duties on raw materials and supplies used by light industry enterprises;

3. inclusion in existing and developing federal target programs of the most important work aimed at introducing new technologies in light industry

4. suppressing the illegal import of light industrial goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and improving the mechanism for receiving and using humanitarian aid;

5. suppression of illegal production of light industry products

6. intensification of work on the implementation of measures that contribute to improving the supply of raw materials to light industry."

Also, government activities are aimed at supporting the export of products, as evidenced by the Concept for the development of state financial support for the export of industrial products, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 14, 2003 No. 1493-r.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

North Caucasus State Technical University

Nevinnomyssk Technological Institute (branch)

COURSE WORK

in the discipline Industry Economics

Subject: Prospects for the development of the textile and clothing industryslennosti in Russia until 2015

Nevinnomyssk 2010

Introduction
1. General characteristics of the light industry of the Russian Federation
2. Territorial structure of light industry of the Russian Federation

2.1 Principles of industrial location
2.1.1 Light industry in the Central Federal District
2.1.2 Light industry in other federal districts

3. Problems and prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation

3.1 Characteristics of light industry. Assessment of the state and trends of its development
3.2 Problems of development of light industry of the Russian Federation
3.3 Prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation
3.4 Draft strategy for the development of light industry in Russia for the period until 2015

Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix A

Introduction

Light industry is an industry for the production of consumer goods, which must meet the needs of the country's population. The main task of the light industry is to meet the growing needs of all segments of the population.

Today, the share of light industry in the country's total production is about 1.3%, which is very small for this industry. To understand the reasons for such a low share of total production, it is necessary to analyze the state of the industry and the problems of its development. To increase the share percentage, it is necessary to find ways to develop this industry.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2009 N 623 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 31, 03.08.2009);

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 3, 2009 N 798 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 41, 10/12/2009).

Decides:

1. Approve the attached Rules for the provision in 2009 of subsidies to organizations of the light and textile industry to reimburse part of the costs of paying interest on loans received from Russian credit institutions (clause as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 10, 2009 N 100; as amended by Government Decree Russian Federation dated October 3, 2009 N 798 - see previous edition).

2. To establish that the provision of subsidies to organizations in the light and textile industries to reimburse part of the costs of paying interest on loans received from Russian credit institutions is carried out if the provision of such subsidies is provided for by the federal law on the federal budget for the corresponding year and for the planning period in in relation to loans received during the period determined by this federal law.

The purpose of this work is to analyze development problems and propose prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation.

The work consists of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The main part consists of three sections. The first section outlines the general theoretical foundations, the second section contains a brief description of the territorial structure of light industry, the third section discusses the problems of the industry, ways to solve them and prospects for development.

To write this work, we mainly used popular science magazines, as well as official documents and textbooks. An analysis of the literature has shown that the state of light industry is not given due attention, and the material presented does not give a complete picture of the light industry of the country as a whole.

1. General characteristics of the light industry of the Russian Federation

Light industry is one of the sectors of the complex producing consumer goods. This industry is a manufacturing industry and produces products for the population: fabrics, clothing, shoes, knitwear, hosiery and fur products, hats, textiles and leather haberdashery. In addition, light industry enterprises supply fabrics and cord for the production of tires, steel rope cores for coal mines and the metallurgical industry, filter and screen fabrics for the food, chemical and electrical industries, fabrics and other products for agriculture, fabrics for transport belts, used in all industries of Russia. Thus, light industry enterprises, along with consumer goods, produce raw materials and auxiliary materials for other sectors of the national economy.

In the light industry there are 20 research institutes, which are specialized in accordance with groups of industries and serve the textile, knitwear, clothing, leather and footwear and fur sub-industries. The institutes have their own developments, many of which have received recognition at the annual international invention salons. But at the same time, in recent years there has been a tendency to destroy the scientific and technical potential and the previously effectively functioning system of training specialists, which is primarily due to insufficient funding.

Light industry affects the overall economic situation in the country because, firstly, it is an industry with a rapid turnover of capital; secondly, its technological cycle draws agriculture, the chemical industry and other industries into its sphere.

The raw material base of Russia's light industry is underdeveloped, because does not meet the industry's needs for raw materials.

The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. Flax growing is in a difficult situation: the crops of long flax are being reduced, and its yield is falling. Flax growing is distributed unevenly: over 60% of the harvested raw materials are in the Central Federal District, 25% in the Northwestern District, and only 15% in all the rest. Flax growing today is the only supplier of domestic plant raw materials, and prices for flax fiber are the lowest of all types of fiber.

At the moment, the needs of the flax industry for raw materials are met through imports, and the main supplier of flax is Belarus.

Natural wool comes mainly from sheep. Recently, their number in Russia has decreased, and the quality of wool has deteriorated. Only wool coming from breeding farms fully meets all quality requirements, but little such wool is supplied, since it is the breeding stock that has decreased the most.

Light industry could provide itself almost completely with natural leather raw materials, but a significant part of it is exported from Russia.

The raw materials for the production of twisted products (twine, ropes) are hemp, jute and sisal. Hemp is made from the stems of hemp, the cultivation of which has been declining since 1960, while jute and sisal are imported from abroad.

Cotton is not grown in Russia, therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, the developed cotton industry is entirely based on imported raw materials. Raw cotton comes mainly from Uzbekistan, also from Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, a small part comes from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.

In addition to natural raw materials, light industry uses synthetic and chemical fibers and artificial leathers supplied by the chemical industry. The starting materials for their production are petroleum products, natural gas, and coal tar. The main delivery areas are the Central and Volga Federal Districts.

The structure of light industry includes about 30 sub-sectors, which can be combined into three main groups:

Textile industry, which includes linen, cotton, silk, wool, knitting, as well as primary processing of flax, wool, network knitting industry, felting, production of non-woven materials and others.

Garment industry.

Leather and footwear industry, which also includes fur.

The factors for locating light industry enterprises are varied and each industry has its own characteristics, but the following main ones can be identified:

Labor resources. This factor requires a large number of people and highly qualified specialists.

Raw material factor. This factor primarily influences the location of enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials. For example, enterprises for the primary processing of leather are located near large meat processing plants. Consumer factor. Finished products of the clothing industry are less transportable compared to raw materials. For example, fabrics are economically more transportable than finished products. In the textile industry, on the contrary, finished products are more transportable than raw materials. For example, when washed, wool becomes 70% lighter.

Textile industry.

The main branch of light industry in Russia is the textile industry. Despite the fact that it belongs to typical “old industries,” the production of textile fibers has not decreased during the era of the scientific and technological revolution. The textile industry accounts for about 70% of the total volume of marketable products sold throughout the light industry of Russia.

The main products of the industry are fabrics, which are used to meet the needs of the population and are used as raw materials and auxiliary materials in the clothing, footwear, food industries, mechanical engineering and other industries.

Cotton industry is a leading branch in the structure of the textile industry. Historically, the main area of concentration of the cotton industry is the Central Federal District. The reasons for this location of the industry were many years of experience in the development of the linen, silk and cloth industries, the availability of equipment and qualified labor, the presence of consumers, and the availability of transport. These factors led to the growth of the cotton industry in the Moscow and Ivanovo provinces. Currently, the leading factors for the location of the industry are the availability of consumers, the availability of skilled labor and the provision of employment in heavy industrial areas.

In the structure of the textile industry, the linen industry is also distinguished. Today, 70% of the fabrics produced in our country are fabrics for industrial and technical purposes. There is not enough production of costume and dress fabrics. Flax is also used to make waterproof workwear, tarpaulin for covering equipment, tents, fire hoses, etc.

Initially, the industry was located near flax-producing areas, but currently the raw material factor plays a lesser role. Of primary importance for locating an enterprise in the area is the provision of qualified personnel, and the primary processing of flax is concentrated in flax-growing areas.

Wool industry produces a variety of products: household fabrics, blankets, carpets, etc. The bulk of woolen fabrics is used for personal consumption and only 5% is used for technical purposes.

Garment industry.

Garment industry enterprises are distributed more evenly throughout the country than textile industry enterprises. They are available in almost every region and mainly satisfy the internal needs of the region. The main factor in locating enterprises in the clothing industry is consumer. This is due to the fact that it is more economical to transport fabrics rather than finished products. Typically, clothing manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in large industrial centers.

In recent years, the Russian clothing industry has been quite successfully cooperating with foreign countries, using the form of international cooperation, i.e. placing orders at Russian enterprises for the production of clothing based on models and materials from foreign countries. Foreign manufacturers in our country are attracted by the high level of professional training of specialists and at the same time low labor costs, as well as territorial proximity to the Western market. For Russian manufacturers of the clothing industry, cooperation with foreign manufacturers allows them to improve the quality of products and make them more competitive in the domestic and world markets.

2. Territorial structure of light industry of the Russian Federation

Light industry, compared to other branches of production, has a less pronounced territorial structure, since there are some enterprises in almost every district. However, it is possible to identify specialized areas, especially in the textile industry, producing a certain range of products. For example, the Ivanovo region specializes in the production of cotton products and ranks first in Russia in terms of production volume. The Central Federal District specializes in the production of all branches of the textile industry, and only in this federal district is light industry a branch of specialization. Most often, sub-sectors of light industry complement the economic complex of the region.

Further, in characterizing enterprises in different regions, statistical data on the volume of output for each enterprise is used. To understand how large a share an enterprise occupies in the production structure, it is necessary to know the total production volumes. Statistical data are presented based on the results of the light industry in the first half of 2003. In total, clothing industry enterprises produced products worth 12,505 million rubles.

2.1 Principles of industrial location

The location of industry is one of the forms of social division of labor, expressed in the spatial distribution of industrial enterprises and production on the territory of an economic region, republic or country as a whole. It acts as an important factor in increasing the efficiency of social production. The correct geographical location of industrial enterprises is a prerequisite for the effective use of the country's natural resources and labor resources, reducing irrational transportation of products and strengthening Russia's defense capability, better meeting the needs of the population, and increasing its well-being. In the process of placing industrial production, not only purely economic, but also socio-political problems are solved - overcoming significant differences between city and countryside, increasing the economic level of development of formerly backward regions of the country, and the growth of highly qualified national personnel in them.

The principles of industrial location represent the initial scientific principles that guide the state in its economic policy in the field of planned placement of productive forces.

The most important principle of industrial location is to bring industrial production closer to sources of raw materials, to areas of consumption, provided that the necessary products are produced with minimal expenditure of social labor.

Ensuring the rapid pace of expanded reproduction and growth in the productivity of social labor requires the widespread deployment of industrial production throughout the country and an increasingly even distribution of industry.

The uniform distribution of industrial production throughout the country based on industrial specialization and the use of all natural resources and labor resources should be considered as one of the fundamental principles of industrial location. The uniform distribution of industry is a qualitative feature of the development of this important sector of the national economy. Bringing industry closer to sources of raw materials and a more uniform distribution of production throughout the country makes it possible to avoid excessively long-distance transportation of raw materials, fuel, materials and finished products to the places of their consumption. Transportation over long distances causes transport costs, which significantly increase the cost of production and reduce the economic efficiency of industrial production.

The increasingly uniform distribution of industry throughout the country, however, does not mean that all branches of industry must develop in all economic regions. Some industries gravitate towards areas where mineral deposits occur, others - towards sources of agricultural raw materials, and others - towards areas of consumption. The task of locating these industries is to develop them in areas that have the necessary economic and natural prerequisites.

An important principle of the distribution of productive forces is the rational territorial division of labor with the aim of the most effective specialization of individual economic regions by industry and the creation of territorial production complexes.

The essence of the territorial division of labor lies in the purposeful planned formation of the economy of all economic regions of the country on the basis of the planned placement of material production, constantly improving industry specialization, rationalization of production and social infrastructure, rationalization of inter-industry, inter-district and intra-district production relations.

The basis for the economic development of the economic regions of our country is industry. The creation in each region of a complex of industries, clearly specialized in accordance with the natural and economic characteristics of this region, most fully satisfying national and intra-regional needs, is the most important component of the entire comprehensive development of the regional economy and plays a leading role in this development.

The integrated development of regions, combined with the elimination of irrational transportation of raw materials and finished products, ensures equalization of the levels of economic development of all regions of the country.

The principle of production location is the international division of labor based on economic integration. With the development of the world economic system, this principle is becoming increasingly important in the distribution of industry both throughout the system and in each of its member countries. The division of labor ensures the most rational development of the economy of each country and the specialization of individual states in those industries for which they have the most favorable natural, economic and social conditions.

Along with the stated economic principles, the practice of locating certain industries also takes into account other circumstances that are historically transitory in nature, but have great social, political or defense significance.

The impact of these principles on the specific process of industrial location is carried out through a number of factors that can be divided into three main groups: natural-economic, technical-economic and economic-political. An independent factor of location is the provision of districts with vehicles and their technical level.

2.1.1 Light industry in the Central Federal District

The development of light industry in this district is due to history. There is a large scientific and technical base, qualified personnel, high consumer demand and availability of transport, as well as providing employment in heavy industrial areas.

The Central Federal District accounts for 1/3 of light industry production in the Russian Federation.

The Central Federal District is the main concentration area of the cotton industry. Over 90% of all cotton fabrics in the Russian Federation are produced here. The first place is occupied by the Ivanovo region, 70% of Russian cotton fabrics are produced here. There are about 40 cotton industry enterprises in the Ivanovo region, followed by Moscow and the Moscow region in terms of production volume. Here the cotton industry is represented by the Orekhovsky plant, the Glukhovsky plant and others. It is worth noting the large enterprise Trekhgornaya Manufactory, which produced products worth 41 million rubles in the first half of 2003. Cotton industry enterprises are also located in the Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tver, and Yaroslavl regions.

The Central Federal District is the main region for the production of linen fabrics. The main production centers are Vyazniki (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Vyazma (Smolensk region).

The production of woolen fabrics is developed in the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo region (Shuya) and others.

In the Central Federal District there are enterprises producing clothing industry products. In the Moscow region there are enterprises "Bolshevichka", "Firm "Cheryomushki", "PTSHO Salyut" (Moscow region). According to the results of the first half of 2003, they produced products worth 282, 112 and 87 million rubles, respectively. In the Vladimir region - “Vyaznikovskaya Garment Factory” with a product output of 69 million rubles, “Children’s Clothing” with a product output of 68 million rubles, “Sobinovskaya Garment Factory” with a product output of 64 million rubles. In the Ivanovo region - “Ivango Sewing Factory” with production worth 71 million rubles. Here are the largest enterprises that produce products worth over 40 million rubles.

2.1.2 Light industry in other federal districts

As mentioned above, light industry has a less pronounced territorial structure and, usually, complements the economic complex of the region. If in the Central Federal District it is an industry of specialization, then in other federal districts it has not become such. However, it is possible to identify places with the greatest concentration of light industry enterprises.

Enterprises producing linen industry products are located in the Northwestern Federal District, in the Pskov and Vologda regions, 3.3% of Russia's linen fabrics are produced here. There are also enterprises in the Volga, Ural and Siberian federal districts. The largest of them are located in Kazan, Kirov, Yekaterinburg and Biysk.

The second place in the production of woolen fabrics is occupied by the Volga and Ural Federal Districts. The main enterprises are concentrated in the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions.

Unlike enterprises in the textile industry, enterprises in the clothing industry are distributed more evenly throughout the country. They exist in almost every region of the country, but there are the largest ones. These are enterprises such as the Gloria-Jeans Corporation, which produces products worth 1,592 million rubles, and Donetsk Manufactory, which produces products worth 181 million rubles, located in the Rostov region. Also, large enterprises are the Pskov garment factory “Slavyanka” with the production of products worth 309 million rubles; "Grammer" with the production of products worth 178 million rubles, located in the Kaliningrad region; "Elegant" with the production of products worth 136 million rubles, located in the Ulyanovsk region; the Sinar enterprise with the production of products worth 127 million rubles, located in the Novosibirsk region and others.

3. Problems and prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation

In 1999 and 2000, light industry enterprises used the created opportunities to expand import substitution, increasing the growth rate of production volumes to 20% annually.

However, since 2001, the light industry experienced a slowdown in production growth, and then its reduction, and the financial and economic indicators of the industry deteriorated.

In order to understand what this is connected with, it is necessary to consider the problems of the development of light industry.

light industry industry Russia

3.1 Characteristics of light industry. Assessment of the state and trends of its development

After the crisis of 1998, the growth rate of production of all types of fabrics compared to the previous year was 20.9% in 2000, 12.7% in 2001, in 2003 it decreased to 3%, and in 2004 the growth rate was already negative value - 95.6 percent.

The greatest decrease in growth rates over the period 2000-2004 occurred in industries that provide normal conditions for human life, namely: in the clothing, knitwear and footwear industries, the growth rate of product output decreased in 2004 compared to 2000, respectively by 29.5 to 9 and by 13.9 points.

And only starting from the second half of 2005, the industry overcame the trend of falling production volumes and achieved good results at the end of 2006.

But already in 2007, the growth trend in production compared to previous years not only slowed down, but for certain product groups (fabrics, knitwear and footwear) the growth rate of output volumes was negative. This indicates an unstable and spasmodic trend in the development of light industry, not only by year, but also by type of product, Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Dynamics of growth rates in production volumes of the main types of light industry products.

In 2007, 2.7 billion m2 of fabrics were produced, which is 2.4% less than in the previous year. The volume of production of cotton fabrics decreased by 3.9% (the decrease was caused by market saturation in bed linen and a reduction in its output by 18.3%). The production of woolen fabrics decreased by 1.7% and linen fabrics by 18.7% (the reduction is due to a drop in demand for linen fabrics on the foreign market, about 75% of the volume of which was exported in the form of raw materials). Currently, market conditions have changed, the demand for fabrics with improved consumer properties and fashionable design, the share of which in the industry’s product range is still insignificant, has increased, which also affected production volumes.

The volume of shipped goods in current prices for the period 2005-2007 increased 1.3 times, for the nine months of 2008 - by 15.9% compared to the level of the corresponding period in 2007 and amounted to 128.7 billion rubles.

The dominant position in the commodity structure of goods sold is occupied by products of the textile industries (cotton, wool, linen, silk, knitwear, non-woven materials, etc.), the share of which in the volume of shipped products amounted to 53.7%, and the share of clothing, leather and fur products, footwear and other industries - 46.3 percent.

The dynamics of the growth rate of textile, clothing and fur production for the period 2006-2008 is clearly shown in Fig. 2.

Fig.2. Growth rates of textile, clothing and fur production

It should be noted that the growth in the production of a number of light industry goods in recent years is associated with the improvement of the taxation system, because the possibility of producers switching to a simplified taxation system contributed to their exit from the “shadow”.

During the analyzed period, the structure of commercial output also improved, in the total volume of which the share of finished products for the population (clothing, knitted and fur products, shoes) increased, the volume of high-quality natural and artificial leather for shoes and leather goods increased, and new types of medical products appeared , Fig.3.

Fig.3 Structure of commercial output of light industry products in 2007 - 2008

A slight deterioration in the activity of light industry in 2008 is evidenced by the increase in the share of unprofitable enterprises (Table 1) and the low level of utilization of production capacity.

Table 1. Share of unprofitable enterprises in light industry activities

Share of unprofitable enterprises, %
Manufacturing industries	Textile, sewing and fur	Production of leather, footwear and leather goods

The level of production capacity utilization in the main industries is characterized by the following indicators:

- cotton - 70.1%, linen - 35.9%,

- wool - 33.0%, silk - 36.1%,

- knitwear - 51.0%, footwear - 54.0%

In the context of annual growth in production costs, underutilization of production capacity brings losses to the industry and creates an irrational structure of its balance sheet, in which non-current assets occupy about 90 percent.

3.2 Problems of development of light industry of the Russian Federation

To enhance innovation activity, the following measures are necessary:

1. Improving the regulatory and legal system on the part of the state, in order to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise;

2. Economic support for enterprises involved in innovation activities;

3. Support for innovation at the regional level;

4. Development of international cooperation in the field of innovation.

To improve innovation activities, it is necessary to have research institutes.

3.3 Prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation

Despite the existence of serious problems in the development of light industry, there are also promising areas of development.

Creating a reliable base of domestic natural raw materials by increasing gross flax harvests, as well as releasing flax from the production of technical products;

Replacement of part of the purchased cotton fiber at cotton industry enterprises with flax fiber through the development of new technologies;

Development of export potential through the supply of flax, as well as high-quality linen fabrics and finished products.

1. reduction of import customs duties on highly efficient technological equipment for light industry not produced in the Russian Federation;

2. optimization of customs duties on raw materials and supplies used by light industry enterprises;

3. inclusion in existing and developing federal target programs of the most important work aimed at introducing new technologies in light industry

4. suppressing the illegal import of light industrial goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and improving the mechanism for receiving and using humanitarian aid;

5. suppression of illegal production of light industry products

6. intensification of work on the implementation of measures that contribute to improving the supply of raw materials to light industry."

Also, government activities are aimed at supporting the export of products, as evidenced by the Concept for the development of state financial support for the export of industrial products, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 14, 2003 No. 1493-r.

3.4 Draft strategy for the development of light industry in Russia for the period until 2015

The development strategy for the light industry of Russia for the period until 2015 was developed in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 3, 2008 No. Pr-1369 and the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 15, 2008 No. VP-P9-4244.

The Strategy is understood as a set of target functions, principles and decisions, interconnected in terms of tasks, implementation deadlines and resources, which must be implemented in plans of measures and complex activities of a regulatory, legal, economic, scientific, technical and organizational nature, in innovative, regional and budgetary target programs, in individual projects.

Strategy:

- determines the goals, objectives, main directions of long-term socio-economic development of the light industry, taking into account the challenges of the coming period, structural changes and ways of its transformation into a competitive and dynamically developing industrial complex, receptive to innovation;

- ensures coordination of actions of executive and legislative authorities at various levels in making decisions on supporting light industry at the state level in priority areas of industry development;

It serves as a conceptual basis for the development of small businesses in the industry, stimulating pilot projects and the most important state-important investment projects for modernization and technical re-equipment in the production of high-tech, market-demanded new generation products based on the use of public-private partnerships.

When developing the Strategy and activities, the following were taken into account:

National interests of Russia (increasing the level and quality of life of the population, the health of the nation, the strategic and economic security of the state, ensuring high rates of industrial growth and creating potential for the future development of the Russian economy);

Proposals of federal executive authorities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and business, expressed at a meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation, held on June 20, 2008 on the issue of raising the light industry economy, identifying ways and means to increase its competitiveness in the market of consumer goods, technical textiles and strategic products appointments; the most important legislative and regulatory acts that determine state policy in light industry for the medium and long term.

Proposals from constituent entities of the Russian Federation, industry research institutes, public organizations and associations on the necessary measures to support the industry in priority areas and problematic issues;

Features of the light industry as an object of expected impact and the starting conditions of its activity at the present stage to determine the targets for its development for the period until 2015.

The following materials served as the basis for the development of the Strategy:

- goals, target indicators, priorities and main objectives of long-term state policy in the social sphere, in the field of science and technology, as well as structural transformations in the economy, provided for in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015 dated November 17, 2008 N 1662-р;

- the main directions for the development of light industry, approved by the participants of the meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation on June 20, 2008 (Ivanovo);

- regional programs, concepts and clusters for the development of light industry, official sources of information;

- “Methodological recommendations for developing strategies for the development of industrial sectors” (dated July 30, 2004, MF-P13-4480).

The Strategy is based on the transition of light industry to an innovative development model aimed at increasing its competitive advantages and increasing the output of high-quality products of a new generation. Particular attention is paid to the issues of protecting the domestic market from illegal trafficking of goods, technical re-equipment and development of industry science, import substitution and export, providing the industry with material and raw materials and professional personnel.

To implement the Strategy, it is planned to use venture funds, an innovation fund, grants, enterprises’ own funds, subsidies and budget financing of R&D, mega-projects and other innovative projects that ensure the competitive level of the industry, as well as investments from domestic and foreign investors, commercial banks and insurance companies.

The mechanism for solving problems and implementing the Strategy’s activities is comprehensive, systemic and strategically targeted in nature and covers all types of light industry activities: from deep processing of raw materials to the production of finished goods and their promotion to sales markets.

The development of the Strategy was carried out using the program-target forecasting method, the choice of which was determined by:

- integrating goals, solving industry problems using systemic methods, minimizing risks and ensuring the feasibility of the Strategy’s measures through harmonization of resources and tasks, and the absence of duplication in their solution;

-combining economic and administrative management levers to ensure the implementation of the Strategy’s activities within the established time frame.

As a result of the implementation of the Strategy, economic conditions will be created for an increase in production volumes of competitive products by 2015 to the 2008 level by 3.8 times and an increase in exports by 4.2 times, the volume of which in 2015 will be about 3.5 billion US dollars.

The implementation of the Strategy’s measures will increase the competitiveness of Russian companies, strengthen their positions and conquer new segments in the domestic and foreign markets. The share of domestically produced products on the Russian market should be at least 50%. At least 80% of Russian light industry products must be innovative and patent protected (trademark, utility model). This will help ensure economic and environmental security, increase Russia’s defense capability, develop regions, and create new jobs.

The strategy is intended to become one of the main instruments of state policy in solving the problems of light industry and attracting investments for its effective development for the period until 2015. It must interconnect the task of effective development of the most important sector of the Russian economy with meeting the needs of the country's citizens, law enforcement agencies and departments, and related sectors of the Russian industrial complex for high-quality and affordable consumer goods, for technical and strategic products.

Conclusion

Having analyzed the state of the industry, we can propose the following areas of development:

1) carrying out technological modernization of light industry enterprises and ensuring, on this basis, stable innovative development of the industry;

2) ensuring deep processing of domestic raw materials, both natural (linen, wool, leather and fur) and chemical fibers and threads;

3) reduction in imports of raw materials from abroad;

4) legislative provision of a sustainable position for domestic producers through state regulation.

5) ensuring the protection of the domestic market from competition from illegally imported products;

6) ensuring protection of the domestic market from competition of low-quality products;

7) solving the problem of staffing, training and retraining of specialists.

The implementation of the main directions will improve the efficiency of the industry, ensure a transition to an innovative path of development, modernize enterprises, increase the competitiveness of products and the share of domestic goods on the Russian market, and expand the export capabilities of light industry.

Expanding the market for domestic light industry goods will help improve the economic situation in the country, as well as increase the share of light industry in total production.

Bibliography

1. Andronova L.N., Gerasimenko O.A., Kapitsyn V.M. Ways for the textile industry to emerge from the crisis. // Problems of forecasting. 2008. No. 2.

2. Borisov A.S. On scientific, technical and innovative problems of light industry. // Industry of Russia. 2007. No. 8.

3. Zhivetin V.V. State and prospects for the development of textile and light industry. // Industry of Russia. 2008. No. 6.

4. Zhukov Yu.V. On state support for the export of industrial products. // Garment industry. 2006. No. 6.

5. Zverev S.M., Smolnikova G.N., Yampolskaya N.Yu. The need for state management of the quality and competitiveness of products.// Leather and footwear industry. 2008. No. 1.

6. Regional economy. Textbook for universities./ Ed. T.G. Morozova. M.: UNITY, 2006.

Appendix A

Light industry of the Irkutsk region.

The region's light industry includes the organizations OJSC Sewing Firm "ViD", LLC PKF "Revtrud", LLC "Bratskaya Garment Factory", LLC "Telminskaya Garment Factory", LLC "Blik", LLC "Spetsobuv". The leather and footwear industry is represented by the Irkutsk tannery for the primary processing of leather, the Usolsky chrome plant, which supplies raw materials for the Irkutsk shoe factory (Angara company), and a factory for the production of felted shoes.

In Irkutsk there is a large fur raw materials factory, which receives furs for primary processing from Siberia and the Far East.

Table 2. Dynamics of production in light industry of the Irkutsk region

Indicator name

Physical volume index, %
Volume of industrial production, million rubles.
Share in industry, %
Investments, million rubles.
Number of enterprises, units
Number of employees, people
Average monthly salary, rub.

The volume of shipped products in 2005 amounted to 424.8 million rubles, the weighted average index of industrial production in 2005 was 104%.

Main problems:

1. Annually increasing imports of light industrial goods from the countries of Southeast Asia, Germany and the CIS countries. At the same time, the growth rate of imports of goods is faster than the growth rate of production in the region.

2. Inefficient use of production capacity in some organizations (load percentage - no more than 50%).

3. Wear of technological equipment (its active part).

4. Low level of management.

5. Low wages.

6. The inability of light industry organizations to obtain long-term loans for 10-15 years to replenish working capital, technical re-equipment of production and production of competitive products.

7. The absence of textile mills in the region, the location of the main producers of raw materials and materials in the European part of the Russian Federation.

Today, the industry is characterized by a backward production base of specialized enterprises, weak competitiveness of domestic goods in terms of “price - quality - design”, the reasons for which are:

- weak development of the Russian Fashion Industry, its lag behind European and world trends by 2-3 years;

- high production costs due to the high cost of raw materials, dyes, TVV and accessories (a large share of which are imported from abroad) in the cost of production and high energy costs, the prices of which are unreasonably growing at an extremely fast pace, Fig. 4.

Fig.4 Industry average structure of production costs in light industry in 2007 - 2008, %

Table 3. The main tasks of the development of light industry in the region and ways to solve them

	Solutions
Implementation of highly effective business plans aimed at producing competitive products, technical re-equipment of production, providing employment to the region's population	1. In the manner established by law, providing regional state support for investment projects implemented by light industry organizations, placing regional government orders.
	2. Creating favorable conditions for promoting products of domestic manufacturers to domestic and foreign markets.
	3. Ensuring the implementation of mutually beneficial exchange of goods between light industry organizations of the region and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the creation of joint organizations.
	4. Assistance in organizing the export of finished products, including to Mongolia, to expand sales markets.
	5. Promoting the creation of an effective mechanism to suppress illegal imports, as well as monitoring compliance with the quality and certification of products imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.
	6. Assistance in organizing specialized exhibitions and fairs with the participation of domestic manufacturers.
	7. Assistance in organizing education, training, retraining and advanced training for managers and specialists of industry enterprises

Carrying out measures to increase the output of competitive products, preserve jobs, increase wages, and increase tax deductions are envisaged by organizations annually in the business plans (investment projects) they develop. At present, long-term investment projects have already been developed for the technical re-equipment of production at OJSC Sewing Firm ViD, LLC Spetsobuv, LLC Blik. Mutual obligations between the regional administration and light industry organizations are enshrined in annual Agreements, the implementation of which ensures the solution of the tasks set for the current year.

Growth of production in light industry of the Irkutsk region.

In 2005, for the first time in the last five years, production growth was observed in the light industry of the Irkutsk region.

In the industries “Textile and clothing production” (for large and medium-sized enterprises) the growth was 102%, in the “Production of leather, leather goods and footwear production” - 111.9%. In Russia, these figures were 97.8% and 98.5%, respectively. In the subjects of the Siberian Federal District: Krasnoyarsk Territory (95.2% and 91.9%), Kemerovo Region (58% and 63%), Novosibirsk Region (85.7% and 45.7%), Altai Territory (88.3 % and 83.6%). Positive results were achieved thanks to the focused work of the department for the development of the industrial complex. More efficient use of regional budget funds has been ensured. As a result, 38 million rubles (48%) of those provided for in the regional budget for 2005 were placed in the form of regional government orders at light industry enterprises in the region.

In 2004, this amount amounted to 20 million rubles (27%).

In 2005, the regional budget provided 145 million rubles for the purchase of soft equipment. Most of these funds are planned to be sent in the form of government orders to light industry enterprises in the Angara region. This will increase the growth of production volumes and development of light industry enterprises in our region.

At the same time, the department for the development of the industrial complex is completing work on agreeing on a draft agreement between the regional administration and light industry enterprises of the region. Securing relevant obligations in the agreement will ensure the effective operation of enterprises subject to mandatory government support. This will ensure this year that the industrial production index reaches 105-107%, the preservation of four thousand jobs and an increase in tax deductions to 10%.

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Garment industry technologies

The technological processes of sewing production can be divided into three categories: cutting, manufacturing and control. The first includes technologies for forming a cutting map, calculating the material, preparing raw materials and flooring, drawing up a pattern layout, etc. Depending on what problems in the clothing industry a particular enterprise solves, employees use certain methods. For example, direct cutting of material is carried out manually or mechanized, by cutting or cutting out.

Technologies for manufacturing garments also represent a broad group of techniques. Among them are direct sewing, thread joining, stitching, stitching, seam setting and quilting. Each operation is also implemented in several ways, the choice of which depends on the operating conditions of the factory.

As for technologies for ensuring product control, production usually carries out a kind of revision of materials based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics, after which sorting is carried out and a product passport is drawn up. The modern clothing industry is actively introducing control stages using automated equipment or special measuring tools that allow accurate assessment of product characteristics.

Equipment for the manufacture of sewing products

A significant breakthrough in technical modernization in the clothing industry occurred about 20 years ago, when engineers and technologists were able to achieve a sharp increase in the speed of machine operation. At the moment, the existing sewing speed indicators are considered optimal. Today, units with thyristor control and AC drives operate in several modes. In this case, the technological process can be performed in a separate order or as one of a group of tasks that a universal installation solves.

For example, there are special units for laying finishing stitches along the edges of facing materials. Such blanks include cuffs, valves, shirt collars, etc.

It is important to emphasize that the technology of the clothing industry in the form of the same stitching or cutting is implemented with different parameters. That is, even if the machine is focused on performing one function, the operator can set the characteristics of the operation in different formats.

For example, the mentioned thyristor control implies the ability to change the length of the stitch and the direction of the ruler running along the edge. The most advanced mechanisms also provide for the ability of machines to make automatic corrections to the work process depending on sensor readings. Of course, the clothing industry cannot do without. This group can include support, fixation and transportation units, which implement an indirect additional function in the production process. These are usually semi-automatic machines controlled by the operators themselves.

Concept of connected equipment sets

Practice shows that effective operation is possible only if the equipment is operated not separately, but integrated into one complex. Sewing machine developers have been working in this direction for a long time, offering multifunctional installations. Such models perform several operations simultaneously, providing the output with a product with a certain degree of readiness. It cannot be said that the complex method allows one to cover the full list of technological actions, and it also cannot be said that the units are combined into one machine. Still, this concept is conditional and only demonstrates the principle of the approach, in which a tight coupling of technical equipment is achieved, which extremely optimizes the manufacturing technology of products.

In particular, the modern clothing industry operates machines that make it possible to perform lysing of armholes along the back and along the front, sirring of sleeve edges, sewing in sleeves and other related operations in a single complex of several machines.

But it is important to consider another aspect. While integrated production lines certainly provide high efficiency with minimal labor input, they cannot always compete with the traditional piecemeal approach of performing technical sewing activities within quality parameters.

Production process management

Traditional methods of control and management come down primarily to methods of technical organization of individual sections of the production workshop. Physically, operations can be controlled in three ways: manual, semi-automatic and automatic. Some equipment models provide three modes at once, but this is rare - more often there are two formats, one of which is automatic.

Using the user interface, the operator sets a program that implements a particular operation with certain parameters. In particular, a modern garment factory can lay out patterns automatically in accordance with the diagram that was stored in the computer. The schemes and commands themselves are usually specified using the menu. Mechanized management methods are also not completely out of the industry, since in some cases they turn out to be more efficient and economical. This applies to small enterprises and individual lines in which the use of automated production is not economically justified.

Computer technology as a means of management

Controllers and microprocessors are being actively introduced in the clothing industry. These are small devices responsible for controlling various technological processes. For example, one microprocessor can manage dozens of operations simultaneously.

Of course, physically the actions are performed by means of mechanized hydraulic and electromechanical units and components, to which commands are sent from the controller. The starting point for generating certain solutions are sensors and detectors. This could be, for example, a device for monitoring the remaining thread length. As it ends, the processor receives a corresponding signal, after which the controller gives a command to automatically insert a new coil. A striking illustration of such approaches is the thread cutting mechanism. With this equipment, a garment factory, without operator intervention, can automatically reduce the length of the trimmed ends of the threads so that they correspond to the thickness of the eye of the needle. Most often, trimming movable mechanisms are used in zigzag stitch machines.

The difficulty of operating computerized production lies in the fact that the operator or a group of maintenance personnel must work out in detail the programs and operating modes of the controller, otherwise the slightest error in the specified parameters will lead to defects on a large scale when it comes to mass production.

Raw materials used in production

Sewing production requires the use of a wide range of materials, including accessories. The raw material base is formed mainly by textile materials. These include polyester, wool, wool blend, cotton and viscose fabrics. Some clothing models also require a group of duplicating materials, which includes dubbing, interlining and various linings in the form of twill, polyester and viscose. Fur of natural and artificial origin is also in demand. We can say that this is a premium raw material for the clothing industry, which ultimately affects the price tags of products.

As for fittings and finishing materials, these include sewing cotton lavsan threads, reinforcing fibers, buttons, rivets and various hardware. It is important to note that the fittings differ in many characteristics, even if functionally the same elements correspond to each other. Through shape, color and texture, manufacturers convey the design shades of a specific part.

Manufactured products

The range of clothing is huge, but we should not forget that clothing factories not only produce such things, but also produce technical products using the same textiles. One way or another, the basis of the assortment of any clothing factory is clothing, which is presented in different groups and subgroups. In particular, these can be coats, hats, pants, sundresses, swimsuits, etc.

Various characteristics are used to organize and classify products. In particular, products are distinguished by material, shape, seasonality, purpose and other parameters. The branches of the clothing industry that specialize in the production of certain products can be classified accordingly.

Recently, highly specialized factories have become widespread, covering a specific segment and striving to occupy a leadership position in it. These include enterprises engaged in the production of extreme clothing, uniforms, things for fishermen and travelers, etc.

Main consumers of clothing products

Most of the products produced cover the household needs segment. Participants in this market focus on the needs of the average consumer, offering not only clothing, but also carpet materials, home textiles, and everyday goods. Again, specialized enterprises in the clothing industry often cooperate with law enforcement agencies, medical institutions and representatives of the construction industry. They offer these consumer groups products in the form of geotextiles, membrane insulators, substrates and other specific materials.

Some areas in which clothing factories also present their products include furniture production, sports, tourism, and mechanical engineering. In these areas, clothing production in the light industry is represented only indirectly, but some products in this segment are produced only using textiles. For example, for tourists, manufacturers offer backpacks, sun loungers and tents made from highly durable materials. Large factories are developing unique technologies for the production of raw materials, which are subjected to multi-stage processing to obtain the necessary protective properties.

Development of the clothing industry in Russia

The future of the industry largely depends on technological innovations, but they are not the only ones that determine the direction of further development. Small and large enterprises are paying increasing attention to logistics optimization. Transportation, storage of raw materials, circulation within production lines - these and other stages require maintaining high efficiency, otherwise their organization costs an unreasonably high cost. Of course, the clothing industry in Russia has advanced in technological support in recent years. But, unlike foreign manufacturers, the same automated and robotic lines are more often used on the conveyors of large enterprises that manufacture standard products.

Original products, produced in small batch formats, are still produced in traditional mechanized conditions. Computerization, in turn, leaves its mark not only on controls.

Thanks to special programs, the clothing industry in Russia has the opportunity to effectively develop new design solutions within individual production units.

Conclusion

The success of garment factories depends on a wide range of different factors. These include the level of technical equipment, the quality of the raw materials used, as well as labor productivity. At the same time, the modern clothing industry cannot help but focus on the needs of the target audience. Some manufacturers initially choose a specific narrow niche, while other factories reach a wide audience of consumers, adjusting the focus of production depending on the trend. Also, the chosen development approach to a large extent determines the methods of planning the enterprise’s activities.

3. Determination of the type of reproduction of the country's population using the age-sex pyramid.

1. Environmental management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries.

3. Determine and compare the average population density of two countries (as chosen by the teacher) and explain the reasons for the differences.

1. Types of natural resources. Resource availability. Assessment of the country's resource availability.

2. The importance of transport in the world economy of the country, types of transport and their features. Transport and environment.

3. Determination and comparison of population growth rates in different countries (teacher's choice).

1. Patterns of distribution of mineral resources and countries distinguished by their reserves. Problems of rational use of resources.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Western Europe (at the student’s choice).

3. Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of the two countries (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Land resources. Geographical differences in land availability. Problems of their rational use.

2. Fuel and energy industry. Composition, importance in the economy, placement features. The energy problem of humanity and ways to solve it. Problems of environmental protection.

3. Characteristics based on maps of the EGP (economic-geographical location) of the country (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Land water resources and their distribution on the planet. The problem of water supply and possible ways to solve it.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Eastern Europe.

3. Determination, based on statistical materials, of trends in changes in the country’s sectoral structure (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Forest resources of the world and their importance for the life and activities of mankind. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Eastern Europe (at the student’s choice).

3. Determination and comparison of the ratio of urban and rural populations in different regions of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Resources of the World Ocean: water, mineral, energy and biological. Problems of rational use of the resources of the World Ocean.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the USA.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main cargo flows of iron ore.

1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

3. Explanation of the directions of the main oil flows using maps.

1. Environmental pollution and environmental problems of humanity. Types of pollution and their distribution. Ways to solve environmental problems of humanity.

2. Agriculture. Composition, features of development in developed and developing countries. Agriculture and the environment.

3. Drawing up a comparative description of two industrial regions (at the teacher’s choice).

1. World population and its changes. Natural population growth and factors influencing its change. Two types of population reproduction and their distribution in different countries.

2. Crop production: boundaries of location, main crops and areas of their cultivation, exporting countries.

3. Comparison of international specialization of one of the developed and one of the developing countries, explanation of the differences.

1. “Population explosion.” The problem of population size and its characteristics in different countries. Demographic policy.

2. Chemical industry: composition, significance, placement features. Chemical industry and environmental problems.

3. Assessment using maps and statistical materials of the resource availability of one of the countries (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Age and sex composition of the world population. Geographical differences. Sex and age pyramids.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Latin American countries.

3. Comparative characteristics based on the map of the provision of individual regions and countries with arable land.

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Distribution of the population across the Earth's territory. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas of the world.

2. Electric power industry: significance, countries that stand out in terms of absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main grain exporters.

1. Population migrations and their causes. The influence of migration on population changes, examples of internal and external migrations.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the People's Republic of China.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main coal cargo flows.

1. Urban and rural populations of the world. Urbanization. Largest cities and urban agglomerations. Problems and consequences of urbanization in the modern world.

2. Livestock: distribution, main industries, location features, exporting countries.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main gas flows.

1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Latin American countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Comparative characteristics of the provision of individual regions and countries with water resources.

1. International economic integration. Economic groupings of countries of the modern world.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries.

3. Identification based on statistical materials of the main cotton exporters.

1. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main fuel production areas. The most important producing and exporting countries. Main international fuel flows.

2. International economic relations: forms and geographical features.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main exporters of sugar.

1. Metallurgical industry: composition, placement features. Main producing and exporting countries. Metallurgy and the problem of environmental protection.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the African countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Drawing up a comparative description of two agricultural regions (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Forestry and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographical differences.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main coffee exporters.

1. Light industry: composition, placement features. Problems and prospects for development.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Asian countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Light industry: composition, placement features. Problems and prospects for development.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Asian countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Light industry: composition, placement features. Problems and prospects for development.

Light industry is one of the main industries in the world. It includes textile, clothing, knitwear, leather, footwear and a number of other large industries. Light industry enterprises receive raw materials from agriculture, usually purified and undergone primary processing. This raw material is characterized by a high degree of transportability and good preservation.

The same properties are inherent in the finished products of the industry. This allows enterprises to be located both in areas where raw materials are produced and in areas where products are consumed. Light industry enterprises pollute water and air to a lesser extent. Therefore, they can be located in large cities without increasing environmental pollution. At the same time, this is a labor-intensive industry that requires mainly women's labor.

One of the leading branches of light industry is textiles, producing various types of fabrics: cotton, wool, linen, silk and knitted fabrics. They are made from natural fibers of plant (cotton, flax, jute) or animal (wool, silk) origin, usually with the addition of chemical fibers. By the end of the 20th century, the world produced more than 115 billion square meters. meters of fabrics made from natural and chemical fibers. If we take into account handicraft production, this industry is represented in all countries of the world. There are 5 main regions in the global textile industry: East Asia, South Asia, the CIS, Foreign Europe and the USA.

In first place is the production of cotton fabrics, where the leaders are China, India, Russia and a number of developing countries.

Second place belongs to the production of fabrics made from chemical fiber - the leaders in production are the USA, India, Japan and a number of developing countries.

III place - production of silk and wool fabrics - the leaders are: USA, Japan, China. The main exporters of products (primacy belongs to developing countries): Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil, etc. Problems and development prospects: Since the 50s, the share of economically developed countries in the world production of textiles and clothing has been decreasing all the time, many old industrial textile areas fell into disrepair.

For your information: Great Britain, which previously ranked first in the world in fabric production, now finds itself at the bottom of the second ten producing countries. From the largest exporter of fabrics, it turned into their importer. Unlike similar countries, China's share continues to grow. The share of developing countries is increasing even faster, where the textile and clothing industry is experiencing a real boom, focusing primarily on cheap labor. This also applies to the production of ready-made clothing.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Asian countries (at the student’s choice).

Let's take India for example. This state is located in the south of Eurasia. Territory area - 3288 thousand square meters. km. The capital is Delhi.

1) Economic and geographical location: The country is located in the south of Asia. Its territory is shaped like a giant triangle, as if fenced off from the rest of Asia by the wall of the Himalayas. From north to south it stretches for 3.2 thousand km, and from west to east - for 2.9 thousand km. It borders Myanmar, Nepal, China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Although the length of the country's maritime borders is shorter than its land borders (passing along inaccessible mountain borders), they allow India to access trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian and Pacific oceans.

2) Natural conditions and resources:

· landforms: in the north of the country - the Himalayas; the larger part is flat (Indo-Gangetic lowland, Deccan plateau);

· mineral resources: very rich and varied; world significance - iron and manganese ores, chromites, titanium, zirconium, muscovite; there are reserves - coal, gold, oil, etc.

· climate: subtropical and subequatorial climate zones; temperatures in summer - from +24 to +32, in winter - from +16 to +24 degrees; precipitation - from 500 to 3000 mm or more;

· agroclimatic resources: very significant; Continuous vegetation of plants is possible throughout the year, but in some areas there is a lack of precipitation; conditions are favorable for growing rice, cotton, oilseeds, legumes, tea, etc.

· waters: rivers - Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra;

· water resources: a source of irrigation and hydroelectric power, although in terms of resource availability of the full river flow per capita (from 2.5 to 5 thousand cubic meters per year) there is a lack of moisture;

· soils: red ferrallite, black, gray, etc.;

· land resources: very rich; the lands are mainly occupied by arable land;

· forests - variable-humid (monsoon);

· forest resources: a significant part has been cut down; provision of forest resources per capita - 0.08 hectares (insufficient).

3) Population:

a) population - 850 million people (2nd place in the world after China);

b) population density - in the foothills of the Himalayas is low - 2-4 people / sq. km, in the Indo-Gangetic lowland - about 500, in the center - from 50 to 100 people / sq. km. km.

c) type of reproduction - I; high birth rate, average mortality, fairly high natural increase - up to 25 people per 1000 inhabitants;

d) predominance of young ages;

e) there are more men than women;

f) Ethnic composition: India is the most multi-ethnic country in the world. The language family is Indo-European. Peoples - Hindustani, Bengalis, Biharis, Punjabis, Telugus, Marathas, Tamils, etc.

g) religions - Hinduism (practices 4/5 of Indians), Islam (1/10 of Indians). Due to the great national diversity and religious composition, interethnic and caste contradictions arise (especially in the north of the country - in Punjab);

g) the level of urbanization - up to 40% - is low. The largest cities are Calcutta, Madras, Bombay.

h) labor resources: the level of qualifications is low, there is an excess of them, which results in unemployment, many people live below the poverty line.

4) Economy and economy of the country:

India is one of the leaders among developing countries in the world. And yet, it still remains a state of very great contrasts. In terms of total production it ranks 11th in the world, but in terms of national income per capita it ranks only 102nd. Almost 2/5 of its residents have income below the official poverty level.

a) Agriculture: is the dominant industry, employing 3/5 of the active population of India.

The country ranks 4th in the world in terms of agricultural production. As a result of government investments and the use of the achievements of the “green revolution,” the harvest of grain crops increased, and the state began to mainly provide itself with grain, although at a very low level of consumption (230 - 240 kg per capita). In addition, the level of agricultural technology and mechanization remains low.

· Plant growing:

Rice (main production crop)

Grown in river deltas, in the lower and middle reaches of the Ganges and Brahmaputra;

Wheat - in the drier areas of the upper Ganges;

Sugarcane (in the Ganges Valley);

Cotton - on the Deccan plateau, in the Indo-Gangetic interfluve;

Jute - in the Ganges delta and the Brahmaputra valley;

Tea - in the foothills of Eastern India. In addition, peanuts, pulses, spices, tobacco, citrus fruits, etc. are grown.

· Livestock: less developed.

In India there are about 200 million heads of cattle (1st place in the world). But since the cow here is a sacred animal, it is forbidden to kill it and eat its meat. Silkworm breeding has been developed.

b) industry: it employs 1/5 of the active population. Industrialization began with the development of light industry. However, today the country is turning into an industrial state with a predominance of heavy industries. Industries:

· mining (see mineral resources);

· ferrous metallurgy (Bokaro, Rourkela, Bhilai, etc.; steel production per year - 15 million tons);

· mechanical engineering (machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, televisions, computers, equipment for nuclear power plants and space research; Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, etc.);

· chemical industry (production of mineral fertilizers, varnishes, paints, medicines; Sindri, Delhi);

· energy (a significant share of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants based on their own raw materials);

· light industry (production of fabrics everywhere, especially cotton, jute; sewing).

c) transport: quite high level of development. In terms of the length of railways, India is one of the 5 leading countries in the world (but some of them are narrow gauge). The road is well developed; however, some of the roads do not have a hard surface. Maritime transport has great prospects. Horse-drawn transportation (oxen, mules) is widely developed.

5) Internal differences: There is no dominant center in the country. There are, as it were, four “economic capitals” - Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and Madras. They are connected by major transport routes.

6) External economic relations: India supplies jewelry, precious stones, cars, clothing, leather goods, fabrics, iron ores, and agricultural products to the world market. Russia is one of India's major economic partners.

3. Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher).

The following may be offered for work:

1) countries exporting the main types of industrial and agricultural products (selectively):

· oil - UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, Russia;

· gas - Russia, Canada, Algeria, Iran, Indonesia, Norway;

· coal - USA, Russia, Australia, South Africa, China, Poland, Kazakhstan;

· iron ore - Brazil, Australia, India, South Africa, Liberia, Venezuela, Canada;

· bauxite and alumina - Ghana, Jamaica, Australia, Sierra Leone;

· copper concentrates and copper - Peru, Chile;

· steel - Japan, Great Britain, Russia, Ukraine;

· mechanical engineering and metalworking products - Japan, USA, Western European countries (optional);

Wheat - USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Ukraine;

Rice - USA, Myanmar, Thailand, India;

Corn - USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, France;

Cotton - USA, India, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan, Brazil;

Raw cane sugar - Brazil, Cuba, Australia, Mauritius;

Natural rubber, wool - Indonesia, Malaysia.

2) member countries of large economic unions and associations:

· European Community - France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, Austria.

· ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Brunei.

· CIS - Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan.

· OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) - Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Ecuador.

· "Big Seven" - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.

3) the location of the countries of the world and their capitals... I would have to write about this for too long, and in the end it would turn out to be useless for you, dear friend, and everyone should know such information, so you still have to work with maps and independently !